Variation in Prolactin Consumption by Fully Breastfed Infants

: This review aims to focus the links existing between several aspects of the mother-child dyad in the intricate playground of obesity and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), including its hepatic component, the Non- Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). In recent years human and animal model studies have shown that dietary interventions in mothers and offspring can be successful in reducing the risk of NAFLD development. Evidences also concern the new concept of a real intergenerational transmission of predisposition to metabolic disorders. Certain genes, such as SIRT1 and PNPLA3, and some epigenetic modifications, including micro RNAs function, seem to be responsible for fetal reprogramming in the setting of maternal obesity. These modifiers appear to be potential therapeutic targets to reduce the risk of future metabolic dysfunctions. : Controlling antepartum hyperglycemia, preventing gestational diabetes, and avoiding excessive weight gain during pregnancy can help reduce the relentless epidemic of childhood obesity and NAFLD. Also, the composition of the intestinal microbiota seems to be related to the development of metabolic disorders in the offspring. Several studies show that breastfed infants have a microbial signature different from formula-fed infants. Much interestingly, prolonged breastfeeding is beneficial not only for the newborn and his health in adult life, but also for the mothers’ health. Maternal benefits include reducing the risk of developing chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction and NAFLD as well. : In conclusion, all above mechanisms appear to intervene synergistically and may act as modifiable risk factors for infant and mother NAFLD.

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Anemia in low-income exclusively breastfed infants

Jornal de Pediatria ◽

10.2223/jped.1511 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 82 (4) ◽

pp. 284-287 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Marco Antonio A. Torres ◽

Josefina A. P. Braga ◽

José Augusto A. C. Taddei ◽

Fernando J. Nóbrega

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Breastfed Infants

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249 ROLE OF DE NOVO LIPOGENESIS IN GROWING VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT BREASTFED INFANTS.

Journal of Investigative Medicine ◽

10.1136/jim-52-suppl1-249 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 52 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. S122.6-S123

Author(s):

M. Garg ◽

C. Bell ◽

L. Rogers ◽

S. Bassilian ◽

W. N.P. Lee

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Very Low Birth Weight ◽

De Novo ◽

De Novo Lipogenesis ◽

Breastfed Infants

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Breastfeeding Child Development

Food and Nutrition Bulletin ◽

10.1177/156482659601700423 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 1-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ernesto Pollitt ◽

Patricia Kariger

Keyword(s):

Low Birthweight ◽

Normal Development ◽

Developmental Outcomes ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Early Feeding ◽

Mental Test Score ◽

Healthy Development ◽

Breastfed Infants ◽

Feeding Methods ◽

Long Chain

The literature reviewed in this article suggests that breastfeeding positively influences cognitive development. Studies comparing the effects of early feeding methods on cognition consistently show mental test score advantages for breastfed infants over bottlefed subjects. Also, breastfeeding may function as a buffer against adverse developmental outcomes from early traumatic events such as low birthweight or neurologic insults. It is recognized that breastmilk contains long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that are necessary for the normal development of the retina and cerebrum. Yet, breastfeeding may not always promote optimal development in children. Infants breastfed by mothers using alcohol or marijuana have lower scores on developmental tests. Thus, while breastfeeding has the potential for contributing to the healthy development of infants, it may also be capable of transferring toxic substances known to interfere with normal development.

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Effect of consumption of animal milk compared to infant formula for non-breastfed/mixed-fed infants 6–11 months of age: a systematic review (protocol)

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046370 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. e046370

Author(s):

Aamer Imdad ◽

Julie Melissa Ehrlich ◽

Joseph Catania ◽

Emily Tanner-Smith ◽

Abigail Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Infant Formula ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Risk Of Bias ◽

World Health ◽

Control Group ◽

Breastfed Infants ◽

Evaluation Approach ◽

Animal Milk

IntroductionPrevalence rates of breastfeeding remain low even though the World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend exclusive breast feeding for the first 6 months of life in combination with appropriate complementary feeding beyond six 6 months of age. There have been several studies that address the implication of drinking animal milk and/or infant formula on children’s health and development when breast feeding is not offered during the first year of life. Vast improvements have been made in infant formula design, which may increase its benefits compared with animal’s milk. The objective of this review is therefore to synthesise the most recent evidence on the effects of the consumption of animal milk compared with infant formula in non-breastfed or mixed breastfed infants aged 6–11 months.Methods and analysisWe will conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that assessed the effect of animal milk compared with formula or mixed-fed (breastmilk and formula) on infants aged 6–11 months. The primary outcomes of interest include anaemia, gastrointestinal blood loss, weight for age, height for age and weight for height. We will include randomised and non-randomised studies with a control group. We will use the Cochrane risk of bias tools to assess the risk of bias. We will use meta-analysis to pool findings if the identified studies are conceptually homogenous and data are available from more than one study. We will assess the overall quality of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach.Ethics and disseminationThis is a systematic review, so no patients will be directly involved in the design or development of this study. The findings from this systematic review will be disseminated to relevant patient populations and caregivers and will guide the WHO’s recommendations on formula consumption versus animal milk in infants aged 6–11 months.Trial registration numberCRD42020210925.

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Effect of using commercial pre-packaged baby foods on the iron intake of 7-8 months old infants

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980021003025 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-21

Author(s):

Celeste Tsz Hei Cheung ◽

Anna M Rangan ◽

Iris Mei Ying Tse ◽

Wai Hung Sit ◽

Jimmy Chun Yu Louie

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Infant Formula ◽

Nutrient Intake ◽

Complementary Feeding ◽

Sole Source ◽

Potential Effect ◽

Iron Intake ◽

High Iron ◽

Baby Foods ◽

Breastfed Infants

Abstract Objectives To examine the potential effect on iron intake of 7-8 month-old infants if pre-packaged baby foods (PBFs) were used as the sole source of complementary foods. Design: Based on the 7-day recommended feeding plan for 7-8-month-old infants in Hong Kong (moderate iron-fortified rice cereal with home-cooked meals), 24 modelling scenarios were created which comprised of two milk use modes (breastmilk vs. infant formula); three modes of rice cereal use (no rice cereal; non-iron-fortified rice cereal; iron-fortified rice cereal); and four baby foods usage modes (home-cooked meals; low-iron PBFs only; high-iron PBFs only; mixed PBFs). The PBFs were randomly selected in each of the models and substituted the original meals/snacks. The average daily iron intakes of the modelled meal plans were compared against the Chinese estimated average requirement (EAR) and recommended nutrient intake (RNI) for iron. Setting: Modelling study. Participants: N/A. Results: In general, the infant-formula-based complementary feeding pattern (CFP) had higher average daily iron intake when compared with breastmilk-based CFP. The iron intake of all scenarios under the breastmilk-based CFP were below the RNI and EAR, except for the fortified rice cereal meal plans with high-iron or mixed PBFs. For infant-formula-based CFP, the iron intakes were close to or above the RNI regardless of types of PBF or rice cereal used. Conclusions: The inclusion of fortified rice cereal was important in maintaining adequate iron intake for infants, especially for breastfed infants. The replacement of home-cooked meals by low-iron PBFs could potentially put infants at risk of iron deficiency.

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