scholarly journals Übersetzungen in Enzyklopädien

2021 ◽  
pp. 185-202
Author(s):  
Hans-Jürgen Lüsebrink
Keyword(s):  
Second Line ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Intercultural Adaptation ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
Age Of Enlightenment ◽  
And Function

ZusammenfassungThis paper addresses the questions posed in the SPP project “Translational Dimensions of French Encyclopaedism in the Age of Enlightenment, 1680–1800” (directors: Susanne Greilich/Regensburg, Hans-Jürgen Lüsebrink/Saarbrücken). The paper distinguishes two fundamental research perspectives in the analysis of encyclopaedic works in a translation context: first, the translation of encyclopaedic works into other languages, which often involved intercultural adaptation; and second, the use and function of translations, together with reflections on and criticism thereof, in encyclopaedic works. This second line of investigation will be pursued with reference to the articles on “Translation” in the Encyclopédie (1751–1772) and its Supplement (1777–1778) by Diderot and D'Alembert and the Encyclopédie Méthodique (1782–1832) as well as to the volumes of the Encyclopédie Méthodique on Philosophie moderne, edited and partly written by J.-A. Naigeon, especially the article on Hume.

Social Representations and Commitment

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Bonetto ◽  
Fabien Girandola ◽  
Grégory Lo Monaco
Keyword(s):  
Social Representations ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
Second Line ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
First Line ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
The Social ◽  
Bibliographic Search ◽  
English Articles

Abstract. This contribution consists of a critical review of the literature about the articulation of two traditionally separated theoretical fields: social representations and commitment. Besides consulting various works and communications, a bibliographic search was carried out (between February and December, 2016) on various databases using the keywords “commitment” and “social representation,” in the singular and in the plural, in French and in English. Articles published in English or in French, that explicitly made reference to both terms, were included. The relations between commitment and social representations are approached according to two approaches or complementary lines. The first line follows the role of commitment in the representational dynamics: how can commitment transform the representations? This articulation gathers most of the work on the topic. The second line envisages the social representations as determinants of commitment procedures: how can these representations influence the effects of commitment procedures? This literature review will identify unexploited tracks, as well as research perspectives for both areas of research.

scholarly journals Why Governments Should Invest More in Fundamental Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Venki Ramakrishnan ◽  
Mejd Alsari
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Public Engagement ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Group Leader ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
And Function

Venkatraman ‘Venki’ Ramakrishnan is the President of The Royal Society and Group Leader at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology. In 2009 he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry ‘for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome’. In this interview he explains why governments should invest more in basic scientific research rather than simply on applied science and engineering. He also discusses interdisciplinarity, collaborations, and public engagement.

Sex Differences Shape Brain Development and Function, in Health and Disease: Policy Implications

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Staci D. Bilbo
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Brain Sciences ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
And Function ◽  
Sex Disparity ◽  
The Brain

Sex differences profoundly impact health and disease. Despite this, the inclusion of females in clinical and fundamental research lags far behind advances in other aspects of medicine, especially in the brain sciences. Regardless of whether neuroscientists are intrinsically interested in sex differences per se, observing a sex disparity in the incidence or presentation of a given neurological disorder provides a significant clue into the neurobiology of that disorder. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the most sex-biased disorders, with a 4:1 male-to-female ratio, an important aspect of its etiology and biology that has largely been ignored in the preclinical literature. This article briefly overviews what is known about the sexual differentiation of the developing healthy brain, with a focus on the preclinical literature. This places observed sex differences in neurological disorders such as ASD into the context of known sex differences in neurobiology—along with insight from known sex-specific mechanisms in other systems that impact the brain (e.g., immune system, microbiome). Finally, the article provides recommendations for progress forward.

scholarly journals Self-assembly, Stability and the Electrical Characteristics of Cell Membranes

1999 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans G. L. Coster
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Cell Membranes ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
Statistical Mechanical ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
The Stability ◽  
And Function ◽  
Molecular Organisation

Living cells are enveloped in an ultra thin ( ~ 6 nm) membrane which consists basically of a bi-molecular film of lipid molecules in which are embedded functional proteins that perform a variety of functions, including energy transduction, signalling, transport of ions (and other molecules) etc., and also acts as a diffusion barrier between the cell interior (cytoplasm) and the external medium. A simple statistical mechanical analysis of the self-assembly of the membrane from its components provides useful insights into the molecular organisation of the membrane and its electrical properties. The stability of the structure is also closely connected to its electrical properties and this has provided not only a useful tool for fundamental research but has spawned also applications, some of which have had a major impact in biomedical research and are now being exploited commercially. An overview is given of the rapid progress made in our understanding of the physics of both the molecular organisation and function of cell membranes and some of the fascinating and socially and commercially important applications that have flowed from this.

scholarly journals Монголоведение в Институте востоковедения РАН: современное состояние и перспективы

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 927-940
Author(s):  
Vladimir V. Grayvoronskiy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Educational Organizations ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Current State ◽  
Cultural Frameworks ◽  
Scholarly Publications ◽  
Source Studies ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
Oriental Studies

Introduction. The paper briefly reviews the current state and prospects of Mongolian studies at the Institute of Oriental Studies (RAS) that celebrated its 200th anniversary in 2018. The Institute maintains and strengthens its positions as a leading national and global research center for Oriental studies. Goals. The study attempts at summarizing the Institute’s 2010–2020 experiences in developing Mongolian studies as a traditional branch of Russia’s Oriental studies, characterizing the present state and development prospects with due regard of actual achievements, challenges, and problems. Materials and Methods. The work analyzes scholarly publications authored by associates of the Mongolian Studies Unit (Department of Korean and Mongolian Studies) and other departments of the Institute in 2010–2020, including operating archives ― through the use of historical, chronological, descriptive, analytical and other methods. Results. The study shows that despite a number of objective and subjective difficulties, associates of the Institute keep developing Mongolian studies exploring some topical and understudied issues of ancient, medieval, modern, and contemporary Mongolia; providing comprehensive insights into present-day political, socioeconomic, and cultural frameworks of Mongolia proper and Russia-Mongolia relations. Still, the Institute ― and specifically the Mongolian Studies Unit ― experiences a critical shortage of qualified young Mongolists, and if the problem remains unsolved respective research perspectives should encourage no optimism. The number of highly experienced Mongolists and Orientalists that conduct research activities on a range of Mongolia-related issues (history, historiography, source studies, discoveries and publications of new sources, written monuments and archives, philology, etc.) affiliated thereto is small enough. The former publish their scholarly works and actively cooperate with colleagues from similar scientific and educational organizations of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, Elista, Kyzyl, Vladivostok and other Russian cities; establish relations with foreign humanities research centers of Mongolia, China, Japan, the United States, Great Britain, Germany, France, etc. Chronologically, the review covers the period between 2010 and 2020, and characterizes key changes in staff composition; shows fundamental research trends; summarizes outcomes of scholarly, organizational and publishing activities; mentions main joint and individual monographs authored (published) by associates of the Department of Korean and Mongolian Studies in 2010–2020. The paper specifies basic development problems faced by Mongolian studies in the context of Oriental studies as such, provides conclusions and prognoses for further evolution of this research line at the Institute of Oriental Studies (RAS).

Endothelial and Cardiac Dysfunction in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Does Treatment Modify the Inflammatory Load on Arterial and Cardiac Structure and Function?

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-37
Author(s):  
Charilaos Triantafyllou ◽  
Maria Nikolaou ◽  
Ignatios Ikonomidis ◽  
Giorgos Bamias ◽  
Ioannis Papaconstantinou
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Cardiac Structure ◽  
Gastrointestinal Physiology ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Cardiac Structure And Function ◽  
And Function

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), largely represented by Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), alter gastrointestinal physiology and mucosal immunity through a complex inflammatory process. These diseases can lead to significant arterial endothelial dysfunction. There is also evidence linking IBD with a modification of cardiac structure and function. A growing body of research has associated IBD with an acceleration of arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis and an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. The focus of this review is two-fold. Firstly, the literature on IBD in relation to CV dysfunction was evaluated (mainly based on 25 relevant surveys carried out between 2005 and 2018). The vast majority of these studies support a significant association of IBD with a deterioration in CV function. Secondly, the literature available regarding the effect of IBD treatment on CV dysfunction was considered based on studies published between 2007 and 2018. This literature search suggests that IBD treatment may have the potential to ameliorate CV dysfunction resulting in CV benefits. This review will analyse the literature as well as consider emerging research perspectives regarding how IBD treatment could improve CV dysfunction.

Salvage Therapies for Autoimmune Hepatitis: A Critical Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (04) ◽  
pp. 343-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Kemp ◽  
Stuart Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Standard Treatment ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Calcineurin Inhibitors ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Second Line ◽  
Front Line ◽  
And Function

AbstractSeveral salvage therapies have been identified for autoimmune hepatitis refractory or recalcitrant to conventional therapy; however, the optimal salvage strategy remains unclear. High-dose prednisolone is currently recommended as the front-line salvage therapy, with alternative immunosuppressive therapies reserved for continuing treatment failure. Of the second-line therapies, the calcineurin inhibitors, cyclosporine and tacrolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil are preferred and have the most accrued clinical data. However, none of these have undergone rigorous clinical evaluation via randomized clinical trials. Tacrolimus is generally preferred over cyclosporine because of its higher potency and increased utility in organ transplantation. Mycophenolate is particularly useful for azathioprine intolerance but also for nonresponse to standard treatment. Subjects with progressive liver failure should undergo liver transplantation evaluation. The appropriate timing, dosing, and monitoring of salvage therapies require determination. Several promising immunosuppressive therapies have been developed for autoimmune diseases including molecular agents that may enhance regulatory T cell activity and function.

scholarly journals Towards developing algal synthetic biology

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 716-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Aden Scaife ◽  
Alison Gail Smith
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Biology ◽  
Transgene Expression ◽  
Phaeodactylum Tricornutum ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Molecular Tools ◽  
Metabolic Diversity ◽  
Design Build ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
And Function

The genetic, physiological and metabolic diversity of microalgae has driven fundamental research into photosynthesis, flagella structure and function, and eukaryotic evolution. Within the last 10 years these organisms have also been investigated as potential biotechnology platforms, for example to produce high value compounds such as long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, pigments and antioxidants, and for biodiesel precursors, in particular triacylglycerols (TAGs). Transformation protocols, molecular tools and genome sequences are available for a number of model species including the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, although for both species there are bottlenecks to be overcome to allow rapid and predictable genetic manipulation. One approach to do this would be to apply the principles of synthetic biology to microalgae, namely the cycle of Design-Build-Test, which requires more robust, predictable and high throughput methods. In this mini-review we highlight recent progress in the areas of improving transgene expression, genome editing, identification and design of standard genetic elements (parts), and the use of microfluidics to increase throughput. We suggest that combining these approaches will provide the means to establish algal synthetic biology, and that application of standard parts and workflows will avoid parallel development and capitalize on lessons learned from other systems.

scholarly journals 671 Biological impacts of standard of care chemotherapies on immune effector cells from AML patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A699-A699
Author(s):  
Dmitry Zhigarev ◽  
Alexander MacFarlane ◽  
Christina Drenberg ◽  
Reza Nejati ◽  
Asya Varshavsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nk Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Second Line ◽  
Color Flow ◽  
Immune Effector ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Immune Effector Cells ◽  
And Function

BackgroundAcute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous group of malignant bone marrow diseases, characterized by massive and uncontrolled proliferation of myeloid precursor cells, which alters normal blood cell ratios. This disease is common to older adults and collectively displays one of the lowest 5-year overall survival rates (<25%) among all cancers, currently representing the deadliest form of leukemia. Improved treatments are clearly needed, and immunotherapies are attractive candidate therapies to explore.There are currently several standard chemotherapeutic treatment schemes for AML, which could be divided into two major groups: (1) cytotoxic chemotherapy (“7+3” or daunorubicin-cytarabine) and (2) hypomethylating agents (HMAs). HMAs include both 5-azacytidine and decitabine, which are cytidine analogs that inhibit DNA methyltransferase, resulting in the hypomethylation of DNA and inducing expression of silenced gene loci. Currently, HMAs are routinely delivered in combination with the Bcl-2 inhibitor venetoclax.The goals of this study are to determine how these standard first line therapies can affect the frequency and functional integrity of effector immune cells in patients' blood and establish when the phenotype and function of immune cells are restored to identify time windows when second line immunotherapies could be most effective.MethodsMore than 100 blood samples were obtained from 33 previously untreated AML patients. More than 50 measurable biomarkers were analyzed using 14-color flow cytometry to assess immune phenotypes of T and NK cells in peripheral blood of AML patients prior to treatment and at up to four timepoints after initiation of treatment with HMA or chemotherapy.ResultsWe found several significant changes in immune cell phenotype and function that occur in response to these therapies. Treatment with HMAs was strikingly less impactful on immune cells in patients compared to previously published in vitro studies. Nevertheless, HMA treatment increased perforin levels in T and NK cells, inhibited IFN-gamma secretion by CD8+ T cells, and changed expression of several checkpoint molecules. While chemotherapy caused fewer phenotypic changes it dramatically decreased the total number of immune cells. We also determined viable, functional and phenotypical recovery periods for immune effector cells after the treatments.ConclusionsOur results are important for introducing new second line immunotherapies to these chemotherapeutic regimens for treating AML and to improve overall understanding of immune cell behavior under conditions of anti-tumor treatment.AcknowledgementsSupported by grants from Janssen and the U.S./Israel Binational Science Foundation.Ethics ApprovalThe study was approved by the Fox Chase Cancer Center Institutional Review Board, approval number 17-8010, and all patients provided informed consent before taking part in the study.

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