scholarly journals Studying human-to-computer bias transference

AI & Society ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Johansen ◽  
Tore Pedersen ◽  
Christian Johansen
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Background ◽  
Software Requirements ◽  
Programming Environment ◽  
Educational Backgrounds ◽  
Generalized Inference ◽  
Programming Skills ◽  
Developer Tools

AbstractIt is generally agreed that one origin of machine bias is resulting from characteristics within the dataset on which the algorithms are trained, i.e., the data does not warrant a generalized inference. We, however, hypothesize that a different ‘mechanism’ may also be responsible for machine bias, namely that biases may originate from (i) the programmers’ cultural background, including education or line of work, or (ii) the contextual programming environment, including software requirements or developer tools. Combining an experimental and comparative design, we study the effects of cultural and contextual metaphors, and test whether each of these are ‘transferred’ from the programmer to the program, thus constituting a machine bias. Our results show that (i) cultural metaphors influence the programmer’s choices and (ii) contextual metaphors induced through priming can be used to moderate or exacerbate the effects of the cultural metaphors. Our studies are purposely performed with users of varying educational backgrounds and programming skills stretching from novice to proficient.

Integrating MATLAB and Simulink in an Advanced Engineering Mechanics Course

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Dabney ◽  
Fathi H. Ghorbel
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical System ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
Nonlinear Differential Equations ◽  
Dynamical Behavior ◽  
Lagrangian Mechanics ◽  
Programming Environment ◽  
Successful Approach ◽  
Programming Skills ◽  
Engineering Mechanics ◽  
Modeling Task

An advanced engineering mechanics course teaches students to analyze and model a variety of dynamical systems using Newtonian and Lagrangian mechanics approaches. The modeling task typically produces nonlinear differential equations that are best solved numerically. In order to prepare students to competently solve these systems numerically, the students must master a suitable programming environment. This mastery is achieved incrementally throughout the semester. This paper describes a successful approach to developing the necessary programming skills, culminating in a course project in which the students model a complex dynamical system and produce a graphical animation allowing visualization of dynamical behavior. The paper also describes two typical course projects that have been successfully completed by advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students.

Self-Promoting and Modest Job Applicants in Different Cultures

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Schmid Mast ◽  
Denise Frauendorfer ◽  
Laurence Popovic
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Background ◽  
Job Applicants ◽  
Presentation Style ◽  
Interview Situation ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
Different Cultures

The goal of this study was to investigate the influence of the recruiter’s cultural background on the evaluation of a job applicant’s presentation style (self-promoting or modest) in an interview situation. We expected that recruiters from cultures that value self-promotion (e.g., Canada) will be more inclined to hire self-promoting as compared to modest applicants and that recruiters from cultures that value modesty (e.g., Switzerland) will be less inclined to hire self-promoting applicants than recruiters from cultures that value self-promotion. We therefore investigated 44 native French speaking recruiters from Switzerland and 40 native French speaking recruiters from Canada who judged either a self-promoting or a modest videotaped applicant in terms of hireability. Results confirmed that Canadian recruiters were more inclined to hire self-promoting compared to modest applicants and that Canadian recruiters were more inclined than Swiss recruiters to hire self-promoting applicants. Also, we showed that self-promotion was related to a higher intention to hire because self-promoting applicants are perceived as being competent.

Cultural Background Affects Eye Movements During Scene Perception

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl G. D. Bailey ◽  
Mercy Chuah ◽  
Lorraine C. Siebold ◽  
Rudolph N. Bailey ◽  
Oystein S. Labianca
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Scene Perception ◽  
Cultural Background

CREATING GROUP PROJECTS IN SCRATCH 3.0

2019 ◽  
pp. 55-58
Author(s):  
A. S. Putina
Keyword(s):  
Group Work ◽  
Visual Programming ◽  
Programming Environment ◽  
Group Projects ◽  
Group Work In Education

The article discusses the problems of organizing group work in education, in particular, group work in the Scratch visual programming environment, where it is possible to use tools that help in teamwork — Backpack, Remix, Scratch Studio. An example of creating a project by a group of students is given.

Religion and Locality

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-168
Author(s):  
Hisanori Kato
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Background ◽  
Religious Movement ◽  
Local Culture ◽  
Social Setting ◽  
Muslim Country ◽  
The World ◽  
Nahdlatul Ulama ◽  
Indigenous Religions ◽  
Local Traditions ◽  
Local Languages

Indonesia is known for its multicultural social setting, with approximately three hundred local ethnicities and five hundred local languages. Religions also have infiltrated into the life of Indonesia. Among six officially recognized religions, Islam occupies the majority religion in the country, and the total number of Muslims is almost two hundred million. That makes Indonesia the most populous Muslim country in the world. However, we also know that the legacy of pre-Islamic civilizations, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and indigenous religions, is still deeply rooted in Indonesian soil. With this socio-cultural background, Indonesian Islam has developed with the influence of local traditions. We see several Islamic rituals and practices that seem to have been "Indonesianized". Yet, this localized version of Islam is by no means favoured by more religiously strict Islamic groups. In 2015, Nahdlatul Ulama, the largest Islamic organization, launched the so-called Islam Nusantara movement, which upholds the essence of local culture in Islam. This newly-emerged religious movement also presents a profound question in relation to the authenticity of religion, that is, whether religions are able to maintain the "original" rituals and practices without historical,  geographical and regional influences. We will explore the development of the Islam Nusantara movement with this question in mind.

Effects of Different Types of Educational Tracking on Achievement and Achievement Variance

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Anne Leicht
Keyword(s):  
International Student ◽  
Educational Opportunity ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Student Assessment ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
International Student Assessment ◽  
Educational Backgrounds ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Educational Tracking

Despite their stated intention of providing equal educational opportunity for all, many democratic countries separate their students into different classes or even different schools based on their demonstrated academic ability and likely future career. This practice is often referred to as “tracking or “ability grouping.” This study aims to determine whether different types of educational tracking have different effects on students’ academic achievement. Specifically, this study investigates whether disparities in educational achievement between students of highly educated versus minimally educated parents are greater in countries that practice more explicit and complete forms of tracking. It also explores tracking’s effects on average achievement and overall achievement variance. Analysis of data from the 2009 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) indicates that tracking generally does increase score disparities between children from different educational backgrounds. Tracking is also associated with higher overall variance of scores. At the same time, tracking may have a slight positive effect on average achievement. However, results are not consistent across all countries, and patterns are different in different subject areas and for different types of tracking. The results of this study neither condemn nor extol tracking. Rather, they indicate that tracking plays a relatively minor role in determining the quality and equity of an education system.

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