scholarly journals Stage Transition Duration in Patients Poststroke

Dysphagia ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youngsun Kim ◽  
Gary H. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Transition Duration ◽  
Stage Transition Duration ◽  
Stage Transition

Effects of Cued and Uncued Swallowing in Patients With Dementia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Rebekah Guastella ◽  
Stefania Oppedisano ◽  
Luis F. Riquelme ◽  
Ashwini M. Namasivayam-MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Response Duration ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Phase Duration ◽  
Transition Duration ◽  
Stage Transition Duration ◽  
Stage Transition ◽  
Impaired Cognition

Purpose: Parameters such as bolus location at swallow onset (BLSO), stage transition duration (STD), pharyngeal transition duration (PTD), pharyngeal response duration (PRD), and pharyngeal phase duration (PPD) often vary between cued and uncued swallowing conditions. Research has demonstrated that cued swallows may offer functional benefits that mitigate pathophysiological processes. However, there are limited data assessing differences between cued and uncued swallows in disordered populations, such as dementia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if cued swallowing alters swallowing biomechanics in patients living with dementia. Method: Through a retrospective analysis of videofluoroscopic swallow studies (VFSS), 105 swallows from 26 participants living with dementia ( M age = 81 years; 14 women) were analyzed in duplicate by blinded raters using the Analysis of Swallowing Physiology, Events, Kinematics, and Timing method. Only VFSS with at least one cued and one uncued swallow were included in the analysis. Chi-square tests were used to explore differences in BLSO. Repeated-measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were used to explore differences in STD, PTD, PRD, and PPD. Results: Results revealed no significant differences in BLSO between cued and uncued swallows for patients living with dementia ( p = .934). Repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed no significant differences between the two types of swallows for STD ( p = .995), PTD ( p = .864), PRD ( p = .807), or PPD ( p = .660). Conclusions: This study suggests that there may be limited benefit to providing cued swallows to individuals living with dementia. Further research should investigate if this is due to impaired cognition and/or changes in motor control to volitionally complete the cued swallow.

An experimental study of the influence of riblets on transition

1996 ◽  
Vol 315 ◽  
pp. 31-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Grek ◽  
V. V. Kozlov ◽  
S. V. Titarenko
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Linear Stage ◽  
Turbulent Transition ◽  
Transition Structures ◽  
Stage Transition ◽  
Tollmien Schlichting ◽  
Laminar Turbulent Transition

An experimental study of the effect of riblets on three-dimensional nonlinear structures, the so-called Λ-vortices on laminar-turbulent transition showed that riblets delay the transformation of the Λ-vortices into turbulent spots and shift the point of transition downstream. This result is opposite to the negative influence of such ribbed surfaces on two-dimensional linear Tollmien-Schlichting waves (the linear stage of transition). Thus, the ribbed surface influences laminar-turbulent transition structures differently: a negative influence on the linear-stage transition structures and a positive influence on the nonlinear-stage transition structures. It is demonstrated that transition control by means of riblets requires special attention to be paid to the choice of their location, taking into account the stage of transition.

scholarly journals IL-7 receptor signaling is necessary for stage transition in adult B cell development through up-regulation of EBF

2005 ◽  
Vol 201 (8) ◽  
pp. 1197-1203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazu Kikuchi ◽  
Anne Y. Lai ◽  
Chia-Lin Hsu ◽  
Motonari Kondo
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Cell Development ◽  
B Cell Development ◽  
Receptor Signaling ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Transcription Factor Network ◽  
Stage Transition

Cytokine receptor signals have been suggested to stimulate cell differentiation during hemato/lymphopoiesis. Such action, however, has not been clearly demonstrated. Here, we show that adult B cell development in IL-7−/− and IL-7Rα2/− mice is arrested at the pre–pro-B cell stage due to insufficient expression of the B cell–specific transcription factor EBF and its target genes, which form a transcription factor network in determining B lineage specification. EBF expression is restored in IL-7−/− pre–pro-B cells upon IL-7 stimulation or in IL-7Rα−/− pre–pro-B cells by activation of STAT5, a major signaling molecule downstream of the IL-7R signaling pathway. Furthermore, enforced EBF expression partially rescues B cell development in IL-7Rα−/− mice. Thus, IL-7 receptor signaling is a participant in the formation of the transcription factor network during B lymphopoiesis by up-regulating EBF, allowing stage transition from the pre–pro-B to further maturational stages.

Kinematic and Acoustic Changes to Vowels and Diphthongs in Bite Block Speech

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Christopher Dromey ◽  
Michelle Richins ◽  
Tanner Low
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Sentence Context ◽  
Bite Block ◽  
Transition Duration ◽  
Formant Frequencies ◽  
Working Space ◽  
Vowel Space ◽  
Articulation Index ◽  
Before And After

Purpose We examined the effect of bite block insertion (BBI) on lingual movements and formant frequencies in corner vowel and diphthong production in a sentence context. Method Twenty young adults produced the corner vowels (/u/, /ɑ/, /æ/, /i/) and the diphthong /ɑɪ/ in sentence contexts before and after BBI. An electromagnetic articulograph measured the movements of the tongue back, middle, and front. Results There were significant decreases in the acoustic vowel articulation index and vowel space area following BBI. The kinematic vowel articulation index decreased significantly for the back and middle of the tongue but not for the front. There were no significant acoustic changes post-BBI for the diphthong, other than a longer transition duration. Diphthong kinematic changes after BBI included smaller movements for the back and middle of the tongue, but not the front. Conclusions BBI led to a smaller acoustic working space for the corner vowels. The adjustments made by the front of the tongue were sufficient to compensate for the BBI perturbation in the diphthong, resulting in unchanged formant trajectories. The back and middle of the tongue were likely biomechanically restricted in their displacement by the fixation of the jaw, whereas the tongue front showed greater movement flexibility.

Investigation of Formation and Development of Stationary and Secondary Disturbances in the Favourable Pressure Gradient Area on the Swept Wing

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-69
Author(s):  
Stepan Tolkachev ◽  
Vasily Gorev ◽  
Viktor Kozlov
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Roughness Element ◽  
Swept Wing ◽  
Liquid Crystal Thermography ◽  
Natural Case ◽  
Turbulent Transition ◽  
Stage Transition ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Combined Technique ◽  
Attachment Line

In this work the combined technique of liquid-crystal thermography and thermoanemometry measurements is used to trace the stationary disturbance development from the moment of formation to the nonlinear stage transition. It has been shown that the pair of stationary vortices are formed after the cylindrical roughness element. These vortices modify a boundary layer and destabilize it. There is the area of maximal receptivity to the roughness location, which in the experiment was distant from the attachment line. If the stationary disturbance has enough magnitude in its core the secondary disturbances excite and lead to the laminar-turbulent transition. Secondary disturbances are sensitive to the acoustics and achieve the magnitude in hundred times higher than for the natural case

Heterogeneity in spontaneous sleep arousals: positive and negative links with early amyloid-beta and cognition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphne Chylinski ◽  
Maxime Van Egroo ◽  
Justinas Narbutas ◽  
Ekaterina Koshmanova ◽  
Christian Berthomier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amyloid Beta ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Sleep Disruption ◽  
Sleep Spindles ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Stage Transition ◽  
Negative Links

Abstract Recent literature is pointing towards a tight relationship between sleep quality and amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation, a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Sleep arousals are considered to induce sleep disruption, and though their heterogeneity has been suggested, their correlates remain to be established. We classified arousals in sleep of 100 healthy older individuals according to their association with muscular tone increase (E+/E-) and sleep stage transition (T+/T-), and show differences in EEG oscillatory compositions across arousal types. We found that T + E- arousals, which interrupt sleep stability, were positively correlated with Aβ burden in brain regions earliest affected by AD neuropathology. By contrast, more prevalent T-E + arousals, upholding sleep continuity, were associated with lower cortical Aβ burden, and better cognition. We provide empirical evidence that spontaneous arousals are diverse and differently associated with brain integrity and cognition. Sleep arousals may offer opportunities to transiently synchronise distant brain areas, akin to sleep spindles.

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