Relationship between diet and immune response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) after feeding various levels of ascorbic acid and omega-3 fatty acids

Atlantic salmon (Salmo Salar) is one of the fish species that rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Consumption of omega-3 fatty acids can lower down the risk of cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease. The extraction of omega-3 fish oil from Atlantic salmon by using hexane and isopropanol was conducted in this research. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to study the impact of parameters which were temperature (50-90°C), centrifuge speed (1000-3000rpm) and solvent ratio of hexane to isopropanol (0.5-1.5) to the percentage of oil yield. The results obtained shows that 15.23%± 0.61 of oil yield from Atlantic salmon under an optimum condition of 70°C, 3000 rpm and solvent ratio of hexane to isopropanol of 1.5. The acid value, peroxide value and p-anisidine value of the fish oil obtained were 7.48 mg KOH/g, 1.94 meq/kg and 5.56 respectively which were all within the acceptable limit which stipulated by Global Organization for EPA and DHA (GOED) and Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The FTIR analysis proved the presence of alkane and carboxylic acid in the fish oil. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis showed that the fish oil contains higher monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) contents followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and 4.5525% of total omega-3 fatty acids.

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An Update on the Content of Fatty Acids, Dioxins, PCBs and Heavy Metals in Farmed, Escaped and Wild Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Norway

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9121901 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 1901

Author(s):

Ida-Johanne Jensen ◽

Karl-Erik Eilertsen ◽

Carina Helen Almli Otnæs ◽

Hanne K. Mæhre ◽

Edel Oddny Elvevoll

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Salmo Salar ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Farmed Fish ◽

Wild Salmon ◽

Farmed Salmon ◽

Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

In this paper, we present updated data on proximate composition, amino acid, and fatty acid composition, as well as concentrations of dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and selected heavy metals, in fillets from farmed (n = 20), escaped (n = 17), and wild (n = 23) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The concentrations of dioxins (0.53 ± 0.12 pg toxic equivalents (TEQ)/g), dioxin-like PCBs (0.95 ± 0.48 pg TEQ/g), mercury (56.3 ± 12.9 µg/kg) and arsenic (2.56 ± 0.87 mg/kg) were three times higher in wild compared to farmed salmon, but all well below EU-uniform maximum levels for contaminants in food. The six ICES (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea) PCBs concentrations (5.09 ± 0.83 ng/g) in wild salmon were higher than in the farmed fish (3.34 ± 0.46 ng/g). The protein content was slightly higher in wild salmon (16%) compared to the farmed fish (15%), and the amount of essential amino acids were similar. The fat content of farmed salmon (18%) was three times that of the wild fish, and the proportion of marine long-chain omega-3 fatty acids was a substantially lower (8.9 vs. 24.1%). The omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio was higher in farmed than wild salmon (0.7 vs. 0.05). Both farmed and wild Atlantic salmon are still valuable sources of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. One 150 g portion per week will contribute to more (2.1 g and 1.8 g) than the recommended weekly intake for adults.

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Interaction between dietary fatty acids and genotype on immune response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after vaccination: A transcriptome study

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0219625 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (7) ◽

pp. e0219625

Author(s):

Adriana Magalhães Santos Andresen ◽

Esmail Lutfi ◽

Bente Ruyter ◽

Gerd Berge ◽

Tor Gjøen

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Immune Response ◽

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Salmo Salar ◽

Dietary Fatty Acids ◽

Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

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The Analysis of Live-Attenuated Piscirickettsia salmonis Vaccine Reveals the Short-Term Upregulation of Innate and Adaptive Immune Genes in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar): An In Situ Open-Sea Cages Study

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9040703 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 703

Author(s):

Deborah Vargas ◽

Eva Vallejos-Vidal ◽

Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa ◽

Aarón Oyarzún-Arrau ◽

Claudio Acuña-Castillo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Salmo Salar ◽

Cellular Response ◽

Short Term ◽

Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽

Gene Markers ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽

Piscirickettsia Salmonis

Piscirickettsia salmonis, the etiological agent of the Salmon Rickettsial Septicemia (SRS), is one the most serious health problems for the Chilean salmon industry. Typical antimicrobial strategies used against P. salmonis include antibiotics and vaccines, but these applications have largely failed. A few years ago, the first attenuated-live vaccine against SRS (ALPHA JECT LiVac® SRS vaccine) was released to the market. However, there is no data about the agents involved in the activation of the immune response induced under field conditions. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the expression profile of a set of gene markers related to innate and adaptive immunity in the context of a cellular response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared under productive farm conditions and immunized with a live-attenuated vaccine against P. salmonis. We analyzed the expression at zero, 5-, 15- and 45-days post-vaccination (dpv). Our results reveal that the administration of the attenuated live SRS LiVac vaccine induces a short-term upregulation of the cellular-mediated immune response at 5 dpv modulated by the upregulation of ifnα, ifnγ, and the cd4 and cd8α T cell surface markers. In addition, we also registered the upregulation of il-10 and tgfβ. Altogether, the results suggest that a balanced activation of the immune response took place only at early times post-vaccination (5 dpv). The scope of this short-term upregulation of the cellular-mediated immune response against a natural outbreak in fish subjected to productive farm conditions deserves further research.

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Omega-3 fatty acids effectively modulate growth performance, immune response, and disease resistance in fish against multiple stresses

Aquaculture ◽

10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737506 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 737506

Author(s):

Neeraj Kumar ◽

Nitish Kumar Chandan ◽

Sanjay Kumar Gupta ◽

Shashi Bhushan ◽

Pooja Bapurao Patole

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Immune Response ◽

Disease Resistance ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Multiple Stresses

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Immune response and protective immunity after vaccination of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) against furunculosis

Fish & Shellfish Immunology ◽

10.1016/s1050-4648(05)80039-7 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 99-108 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

J.I. Erdal ◽

L.J. Reitan

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Salmo Salar ◽

Protective Immunity ◽

Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

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Dietary omega-3 fatty acids enhance the B1 but not the B2 cell immune response in mice with antigen-induced peritonitis

The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry ◽

10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.09.010 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 111-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Valgerdur Tomasdottir ◽

Sigrun Thorleifsdottir ◽

Arnor Vikingsson ◽

Ingibjorg Hardardottir ◽

Jona Freysdottir

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Immune Response ◽

Cell Immune Response ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽

Omega 3

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The Role of Micronutrients in Support of the Immune Response against Viral Infections

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12103198 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 3198 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Francesco Pecora ◽

Federica Persico ◽

Alberto Argentiero ◽

Cosimo Neglia ◽

Susanna Esposito

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Immune Response ◽

Immune System ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Optimal Function ◽

The Impact

Viral infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the importance of public health practices including handwashing and vaccinations in reducing their spread is well established. Furthermore, it is well known that proper nutrition can help support optimal immune function, reducing the impact of infections. Several vitamins and trace elements play an important role in supporting the cells of the immune system, thus increasing the resistance to infections. Other nutrients, such as omega-3 fatty acids, help sustain optimal function of the immune system. The main aim of this manuscript is to discuss of the potential role of micronutrients supplementation in supporting immunity, particularly against respiratory virus infections. Literature analysis showed that in vitro and observational studies, and clinical trials, highlight the important role of vitamins A, C, and D, omega-3 fatty acids, and zinc in modulating the immune response. Supplementation with vitamins, omega 3 fatty acids and zinc appears to be a safe and low-cost way to support optimal function of the immune system, with the potential to reduce the risk and consequences of infection, including viral respiratory infections. Supplementation should be in addition to a healthy diet and fall within recommended upper safety limits set by scientific expert bodies. Therefore, implementing an optimal nutrition, with micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids supplementation, might be a cost-effective, underestimated strategy to help reduce the burden of infectious diseases worldwide, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

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