scholarly journals Regulatory mechanisms governing chromatin organization and function

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Villaseñor ◽  
Tuncay Baubec
Keyword(s):  
Chromatin Organization ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Brain Long Noncoding RNAs: Multitask Regulators of Neuronal Differentiation and Function

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 3951
Author(s):  
Sarva Keihani ◽  
Verena Kluever ◽  
Eugenio F. Fornasiero
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Differentiation ◽  
Neuronal Excitability ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Control Robustness ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
And Function ◽  
Regulatory Functions ◽  
Neuronal Physiology

The extraordinary cellular diversity and the complex connections established within different cells types render the nervous system of vertebrates one of the most sophisticated tissues found in living organisms. Such complexity is ensured by numerous regulatory mechanisms that provide tight spatiotemporal control, robustness and reliability. While the unusual abundance of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in nervous tissues was traditionally puzzling, it is becoming clear that these molecules have genuine regulatory functions in the brain and they are essential for neuronal physiology. The canonical view of RNA as predominantly a ‘coding molecule’ has been largely surpassed, together with the conception that lncRNAs only represent ‘waste material’ produced by cells as a side effect of pervasive transcription. Here we review a growing body of evidence showing that lncRNAs play key roles in several regulatory mechanisms of neurons and other brain cells. In particular, neuronal lncRNAs are crucial for orchestrating neurogenesis, for tuning neuronal differentiation and for the exact calibration of neuronal excitability. Moreover, their diversity and the association to neurodegenerative diseases render them particularly interesting as putative biomarkers for brain disease. Overall, we foresee that in the future a more systematic scrutiny of lncRNA functions will be instrumental for an exhaustive understanding of neuronal pathophysiology.

Genetic rescue of muscle defects associated with a mutant Drosophila melanogaster tropomyosin allele

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 2977-2980
Author(s):  
E A Fyrberg ◽  
C C Karlik
Keyword(s):  
Germ Line ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Transformation System ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Genetic Rescue ◽  
Transformation Protocol ◽  
Type Gene ◽  
Genetic Transformation System ◽  
And Function

We describe a genetic transformation system which should prove useful for investigating tropomyosin assembly and function. Muscle abnormalities associated with a defective tropomyosin allele were corrected by integrating the wild-type gene into germ line chromosomes. The transformation protocol permits application of directed mutagenesis techniques in investigations of contractile regulatory mechanisms.

Functions of the nuclear envelope and lamina in development and disease

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1329-1334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana V. Cohen ◽  
Lidia Hernandez ◽  
Colin L. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Chromatin Organization ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Mechanical Integrity ◽  
Inherited Diseases ◽  
And Function

Recent findings that some 24 inherited diseases and anomalies are caused by defects in proteins of the NE (nuclear envelope) and lamina have resulted in a fundamental reassessment of the functions of the NE and underlying lamina. Instead of just regarding the NE and lamina as a molecular filtering device, regulating the transfer of macromolecules between the cytoplasm and nucleus, we now envisage the NE/lamina functioning as a key cellular ‘hub’ in integrating critical functions that include chromatin organization, transcriptional regulation, mechanical integrity of the cell and signalling pathways, as well as acting as a key component in the organization and function of the cytoskeleton.

scholarly journals The Potential Role of Seminal Plasma in the Fertilization Outcomes

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Szczykutowicz ◽  
Anna Kałuża ◽  
Maria Kaźmierowska-Niemczuk ◽  
Mirosława Ferens-Sieczkowska
Keyword(s):  
Seminal Plasma ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Human Sperm ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Healthy Pregnancy ◽  
Male Gametes ◽  
And Function

For human infertility both male and female factors may be equally important. Searching for molecular biomarkers of male infertility, neglected for decades, and the attempts to explain regulatory mechanisms of fertilization become thus extremely important. Apart from examination of the structure and function of male gametes, also the possible importance of seminal plasma components should be considered. In this article we discuss data that indicate for the substantial significance of active seminal plasma components for conception and achievement of healthy pregnancy. Seminal plasma impact on the storage and cryopreservation of human and animal sperm and regulatory role of glycodelin on human sperm capacitation as well as hypothesized course of female immune response to allogenic sperm and conceptus has been discussed. The possible involvement of carbohydrates in molecular mechanism of fetoembryonic defense has been also mentioned.

Specific expression and regulation of glucose transporters in zebrafish ionocytes

2009 ◽  
Vol 297 (2) ◽  
pp. R275-R290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yung-Che Tseng ◽  
Ruo-Dong Chen ◽  
Jay-Ron Lee ◽  
Sian-Tai Liu ◽  
Shyh-Jye Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Energy Deposition ◽  
Glucose Transporters ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Physiological Demands ◽  
And Function ◽  
Critical Process

Glucose, a carbohydrate metabolite, plays a major role in the energy supply for fish iono- and osmoregulation, and the way that glucose is transported in ionocytes is a critical process related to the functional operations of ionocytes. Eighteen members of glucose transporters (GLUTs, SLC2A) were cloned and identified from zebrafish. Previously, Na+,K+-ATPase-rich (NaR), Na+-Cl− cotransporter-expressing (NCC), H+-ATPase-rich (HR), and glycogen-rich (GR) cells have been identified to be responsible for Ca2+ uptake, Cl− uptake, Na+ uptake, and the energy deposition, respectively, in zebrafish skin/gills. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis of whether GLUT isoforms are specifically expressed and function in ionocytes to supply energy for ion regulatory mechanisms. On the basis of translational knockdown of foxi3a/ 3b (2 transcriptional factors related to the ionocytes' differentiation) and triple in situ hybridization/immunocytochemistry, 3 GLUT isoforms, zglut1a, - 6, and - 13.1, were specifically localized in NaR/NCC cells, GR cells, and HR cells, respectively. mRNA expression of zglut1a in embryos and adult gills were stimulated by the low Ca2+ or low Cl− freshwater, which has been previously reported to upregulate the functions (monitored by epithelial Ca2+ channel, NCC mRNA) of NaR/NCC cells, respectively while that of zglut13.1 was stimulated only by low Na+, a situation to upregulate the function (monitored by carbonic anhydrase 15a mRNA) of HR cells. On the other hand, ambient ion compositions did not affect the zglut6 mRNA expression. Taken together, zGLUT1a, -6, and 13.1, the specific transporters in NaR/NCC cells, GR cells, and HR cells, may absorb glucose into the respective cells to fulfill different physiological demands.

The winged-helix transcription factor JUMU regulates development, nucleolus morphology and function, and chromatin organization of Drosophila melanogaster

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annemarie Hofmann ◽  
Madeleine Brünner ◽  
Alexander Schwendemann ◽  
Martin Strödicke ◽  
Sascha Karberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Chromatin Organization ◽  
Winged Helix ◽  
And Function ◽  
Winged Helix Transcription Factor

scholarly journals Genetic rescue of muscle defects associated with a mutant Drosophila melanogaster tropomyosin allele.

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 2977-2980 ◽  
Author(s):  
E A Fyrberg ◽  
C C Karlik
Keyword(s):  
Germ Line ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Transformation System ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Genetic Rescue ◽  
Transformation Protocol ◽  
Type Gene ◽  
Genetic Transformation System ◽  
And Function

We describe a genetic transformation system which should prove useful for investigating tropomyosin assembly and function. Muscle abnormalities associated with a defective tropomyosin allele were corrected by integrating the wild-type gene into germ line chromosomes. The transformation protocol permits application of directed mutagenesis techniques in investigations of contractile regulatory mechanisms.

scholarly journals Novel Insights into the Molecular Features and Regulatory Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Dynamic Disorder in the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ying Tan ◽  
Fengfan Xia ◽  
Lulan Li ◽  
Xiaojie Peng ◽  
Wenqian Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Mitochondrial Dynamics ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Mitochondrial Fission ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Septic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Mitochondrial Dynamic ◽  
Dynamic Disorder ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
And Function

Mitochondria maintain mitochondrial homeostasis through continuous fusion and fission, that is, mitochondrial dynamics, which is precisely mediated by mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins, including dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), mitofusin 1 and 2 (Mfn1/2), and optic atrophy 1 (OPA1). When the mitochondrial fission and fusion of cardiomyocytes are out of balance, they will cause their own morphology and function disorders, which damage the structure and function of the heart, are involved in the occurrence and progression of cardiovascular disease such as ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), septic cardiomyopathy, and diabetic cardiomyopathy. In this paper, we focus on the latest findings regarding the molecular features and regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial dynamic disorder in cardiovascular pathologies. Finally, we will address how these findings can be applied to improve the treatment of cardiovascular disease.

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