Large-scale cold water dispersant effectiveness experiments with Alaskan crude oils and Corexit 9500 and 9527 dispersants

2009 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy C. Belore ◽  
Ken Trudel ◽  
Joseph V. Mullin ◽  
Alan Guarino
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Crude Oils ◽  
Corexit 9500 ◽  
Dispersant Effectiveness

COLD WATER DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED AT OHMSETT WITH ALASKAN CRUDE OILS USING COREXIT 9500 AND 9527 DISPERSANTS

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 (1) ◽  
pp. 817-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Mullin ◽  
Randy Belore ◽  
Ken Trudel
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Test Series ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Crude Oils ◽  
Breaking Wave ◽  
Corexit 9500 ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
Wave Conditions ◽  
Dispersant Effectiveness

ABSTRACT One untested hypothesis in oil spill response is that “chemical dispersants do not work effectively in cold water”. This is due to the general misconception that cold water inhibits dispersant effectiveness (DE) and the lack of experimental data to indicate otherwise. To address this issue, the U.S. Minerals Management Service (MMS) funded and conducted two series of dispersant experiments in very cold water at Ohmsett – The National Oil Spill Response Test facility, located in Leonardo, New Jersey from February-March 2006 and January-March 2007. Four Alaskan crude oils Alaska North Slope (ANS), Endicott, Northstar and Pt. McIntyre and two dispersants Corexit 9500 and Corexit 952 7 were used in the test series. The crude oils were tested fresh, weathered by removal of light ends using air sparging and weathered by placing the oils in the tank in both breaking wave conditions and non-breaking wave conditions. Results from the 2006 and 2007 Ohmsett test series demonstrated that both Corexit 9500 and Corexit 9527 dispersants were more than 90% effective in dispersing the fresh and weathered crude oils tested. This verified the results from laboratory and small-scale experiments. MMS believes that results from these test series will assist government regulators and responders in making science based decisions on the use of dispersants as a response tool for oil spills in the Arctic. The results from the 2006 and 2007 Ohmsett dispersant effectiveness test series dispel the thought that chemical dispersants cannot be effective in cold water.

scholarly journals Large Wave Tank Dispersant Effectiveness Testing in Cold Water

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 (1) ◽  
pp. 381-385
Author(s):  
Randy Belore
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Crude Oils ◽  
Large Wave ◽  
Water Conditions ◽  
Average Wave ◽  
Dispersant Effectiveness ◽  
Concrete Tank

ABSTRACT Research experiments were completed to determine the viability of using chemical dispersants on two crude oils in very cold water conditions. Tests were completed at Ohmsett (the National Oil Spill Response Test Facility in Leonardo, New Jersey) in late February and early March of 2002. Ohmsett is a large outdoor, above-ground concrete tank (203 m long by 20 m wide by 3.4 m deep) filled with 9.84 million gallons of salt water. The tank has a wave-generating paddle, a wave-dissipating beach, and mobile bridges that transport equipment over its surface. A refrigeration unit was installed to ensure that the water was kept at near freezing temperatures during the entire test program. A total of twelve large-scale tests were completed. Corexit 9500 and Corexit 9527 were applied to fresh and weathered Hibernia and Alaska North Slope crude oils, on cold water (-0.5 to 2.4 °C), at dispersant-to-oil ratios (DORs) ranging from 1:14 to 1:81. The average wave amplitude for the tests ranged between 16.5 and 22.5 cm and the average wave period was between 1.7 and 1.9 seconds. The effectiveness of the dispersant in each test was documented through extensive video records and by measurement of the residual oil remaining within the containment boom at the end of each test. The results clearly show that both dispersants were effective in dispersing the two crude oils tested in cold-water conditions.

scholarly journals Dispersant Effectiveness on Heavy Fuel Oil and Crude Oil in New Zealand

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 (1) ◽  
pp. 509-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh Stevens ◽  
Julian Roberts
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Crude Oils ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Corexit 9500 ◽  
Fuel Oils ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oils ◽  
Dispersant Effectiveness

ABSTRACT The New Zealand (NZ) Maritime Safety Authority (MSA) recently identified seven crude oils and nine IFO-380 heavy fuel oils used or transported in NZ waters that had a high relative risk of being spilt. To determine the relative effectiveness of dispersants stocked by the MSA (Corexit 9527, Slickgone LTSW, Gamlen OSD LT, and Tergo R40) on the oils, effectiveness was tested using the Warren Spring Laboratory (WSL) LR 448 protocol. All testing was on fresh (unweathered) oil at 15°C, at a dispersant to oil ratio (DOR) of 1:25. Effective dispersion was considered to be equivalent to a WSL test result of ≥15%, as proposed in the work of Lunel & Davies (1996). Overall, the seven crude oils tested could be dispersed with MSA stocked dispersants; Corexit 9527 and Slickgone LTSW dispersing the greatest volume of oil, while Gamlen OSD LT and Tergo R40 were effective on the widest range of oils. For the nine IFO-380 heavy fuel oils, dispersant effectiveness was generally lower than for crude oils, and two oils could not be dispersed. Corexit 9527 was the most effective dispersant and worked on the widest range of fuel oils. Slickgone LTSW, Gamlen OSD LT, and Tergo R40 were less effective and worked on a smaller range of fuel oils. To assess whether other dispersants not currently stocked by the MSA offered a significantly improved capacity, two high performance products (Corexit 9500 and Slickgone EW) were tested on the same oils, and across a range of temperatures and DORs. Laboratory results showed that Corexit 9500 and Slickgone EW were significantly more effective on both the crude oils and the IFO-380 heavy fuel oils than existing MSA dispersant stocks. While the results of this study provide a good indication of the relative effectiveness of different dispersants, they do not indicate absolute levels of effectiveness, and field experiments are needed to define how laboratory effectiveness translates to effectiveness in the field.

DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS TESTING ON VISCOUS, U.S. OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF CRUDE OILS AND WATER-IN-OIL EMULSIONS AT OHMSETT

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 (1) ◽  
pp. 823-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy Belore ◽  
Alun Lewis ◽  
Alan Guarino ◽  
Joe Mullin
Keyword(s):  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Crude Oils ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Management Service ◽  
Outer Continental Shelf ◽  
Corexit 9500 ◽  
Viscous Oil ◽  
Oil Emulsions ◽  
Dispersant Effectiveness

ABSTRACT Two separate projects were funded by the US Minerals Management Service to study the dispersibility of viscous crude oils and water-in-oil emulsions. The objective of the first study was to determine the viscosity limit for the effectiveness of chemical dispersants applied to viscous US Outer Continental Shelf crude oils of varied origin. The objective of the second study was to determine the effectiveness of chemical dispersants when applied to water-in-oil emulsions and to determine if similar viscosity limits exist for successful dispersion of emulsions as for non-emulsified crude oils. In both programs, preliminary tests were completed in the small-scale wave tank at SL Ross. Full-scale tests were completed at The National Oil Spill Response Test Facility (Ohmsett) in Leonardo, New Jersey in April 2005 (viscous oils) and December 2005 (emulsions). In the emulsion dispersion program, tests were conducted with both Corexit 9500 and Corexit 9527 dispersants. Only Corexit 9500 was used in the viscous oil dispersion testing. In the viscous oil test program, the effectiveness of the dispersant was influenced by both oil type (viscosity) and to a lesser extent by DOR. In general, the oils with viscosities lower than 6,500 cP were dispersible to a significant degree, whereas the oils with viscosities of 33,000 cP and greater were not. Oils between 6,500 and 33,000 cP were not available for testing to identify dispersant effectiveness between these two viscosities.

scholarly journals Using autonomous video to estimate the bottom-contact area of longline trap gear and presence–absence of sensitive benthic habitat

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 797-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beau Doherty ◽  
Samuel D.N. Johnson ◽  
Sean P. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Contact Area ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Marine Protected Area ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Benthic Habitat ◽  
Commercial Fishing ◽  
Depth Sensor ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
Bottom Contact

Bottom longline hook and trap fishing gear can potentially damage sensitive benthic areas (SBAs) in the ocean; however, the large-scale risks to these habitats are poorly understood because of the difficulties in mapping SBAs and in measuring the bottom-contact area of longline gear. In this paper, we describe a collaborative academic–industry–government approach to obtaining direct presence–absence data for SBAs and to measuring gear interactions with seafloor habitats via a novel deepwater trap camera and motion-sensing systems on commercial longline traps for sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) within SGaan Kinghlas – Bowie Seamount Marine Protected Area. We obtained direct presence–absence observations of cold-water corals (Alcyonacea, Antipatharia, Pennatulacea, Stylasteridae) and sponges (Hexactinellida, Demospongiae) at 92 locations over three commercial fishing trips. Video, accelerometer, and depth sensor data were used to estimate a mean bottom footprint of 53 m2 for a standard sablefish trap, which translates to 3200 m2 (95% CI = 2400–3900 m2) for a 60-trap commercial sablefish longline set. Our successful collaboration demonstrates how research partnerships with commercial fisheries have potential for massive improvements in the quantity and quality of data needed for conducting SBA risk assessments over large spatial and temporal scales.

Experimental Investigation of Lab-Scale, Heat Exchanger Prototypes Designed to Provide Refugia for Trout

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajib Uddin Rony ◽  
Adam Gladen ◽  
Sarah LaVallie ◽  
Jeremy Kientz
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Temperature Difference ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Tube Bundle ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scaled Model ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Average Temperature Difference

Abstract In recent years Spring Creek in South Dakota, a popular fishing location, has been experiencing higher surface water temperatures, which negatively impact cold-water trout species. One potential solution is to provide localized refugia of colder water produced via active cooling. The present work focuses on the design and testing of a small-scale prototype heat exchanger, for such a cooling system. Various prototypes of the heat exchanger were tested in a 1/10th-scaled model of a section of the creek. A staggered, tube-bundle heat exchanger was used. The prototypes consisted of just the heat exchanger placed directly in the scaled-stream model and of the heat exchanger placed inside an enclosure with an aperture. The results show that, without the enclosure, the average temperature difference is 0.64 °C, with a corresponding heat transfer requirement of 1.63 kW/°C of cooling. However, with an enclosure, the average temperature difference is 1.95 °C, which required 0.59 kW/°C of cooling. Modifications to the enclosure decrease the average temperature difference but also decrease the standard deviation of the temperature difference. Thus, the cooling effect is more evenly spread throughout the water in the enclosure. This indicates that the enclosure design can be used to balance the requirements of obtaining a desired temperature difference with a relatively low spatial variation in that temperature difference. These results will be used to guide the design of the large-scale heat exchanger prototype.

Linking large-scale circulation patterns to the distribution of cold water corals along the eastern Rockall Bank (northeast Atlantic)

2020 ◽  
Vol 212 ◽  
pp. 103456
Author(s):  
Kirstin Schulz ◽  
Karline Soetaert ◽  
Christian Mohn ◽  
Laura Korte ◽  
Furu Mienis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Large Scale Circulation ◽  
Northeast Atlantic ◽  
Circulation Patterns

CORRELATING WAVE TANK DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS TESTS WITH AT-SEA TRIALS

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.C. Belore ◽  
B.K. Trudel ◽  
K. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Test Temperature ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Oil Viscosity ◽  
Wave Tank ◽  
Corexit 9500 ◽  
Fuel Oils ◽  
Tank Test ◽  
Dispersant Effectiveness ◽  
The Uk

ABSTRACT Two important questions facing oil spill responders, planners, and researchers are:What is the limiting viscosity of oil for dispersant use; andHow well do results from dispersant effectiveness tests performed in laboratory apparatus and experimental wave tanks reflect dispersant performance at sea? In order to begin addressing these questions, a series of at-sea dispersant effectiveness trials were completed in the UK in the summer of 2003 to estimate the viscosity of spilled fuel oils that limits dispersant effectiveness under conditions of moderate sea states (Beaufort Sea states 2 to 4) (Lewis 2004). Two well-characterized marine fuel oils (IFO 180 and IFO 380) with viscosities of 2000 and 7000 cP were spilled, sprayed with dispersants, and dispersant effectiveness was assessed. Several types of dispersants and a range of dispersant dosages were tested. These tests are currently being repeated using a variety of laboratory and meso-scale dispersant effectiveness apparatus to determine how well the results of these various test methods correlate with dispersant performance at sea. Dispersant effectiveness tests in the SL Ross wave tank, using the identical oils and dispersants from the UK offshore trial, were the focus of this study. The goal of the work was to determine if the dispersant effectiveness test results from this tank are similar to results measured in the offshore. The tank testing indicated that the IFO 180 oil (viscosity of 2000 cP at the test temperature of 16 °C) is readily dispersible with Corexit 9500 and Superdispersant 25 when applied at dispersant-to-oil ratios (DORs) exceeding 1:75 for Corexit 9500 and 1:50 for Superdispesant 25. The IFO 380 fuel oil (viscosity of 7000 cP at the test temperature of 16°C) was 53% dispersed when treated with Corexit 9500 at a DOR of 1.30. The IFO 380 oil can be dispersed, but larger quantities of dispersant must be applied to achieve significant results. The tank test dispersant effectiveness results measured for the Corexit 9500 dispersant were similar to the UK field test trends for the IFO 180 oil and were somewhat higher than the field results for the IFO 380 oil. The tank test results for Superdispersant 25 were slightly higher than the field trial trends for the IFO 180 oil and slightly lower for the IFO 380 oil. The limited data available for the Agma DR379 dispersant suggests that the tank test results were similar to the offshore trial results for the IFO 180 oil and lower for the IFO 380 oil. In general, the SL Ross tank test results matched the trends in the offshore results reasonably well. Variations in sea states and DORs during the sea trials, insufficient data points for direct comparison and the lack of resolution in the 4-point visual assessment system do not permit a more definitive comparison of the results of the test programs.

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