Masculinity, Citizenship, and the Making of War

1984 ◽  
Vol 17 (02) ◽  
pp. 198-202
Author(s):  
Nancy C. M. Hartsock
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
The United States ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Western History ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Short Essay ◽  
Peace And War ◽  
Neutral Language

Citizenship is not one of the issues political scientists hotly contest. Yet perhaps we have failed to recognize the profoundly controversial issues involved in citizenship. One of the most difficult for the modern citizen is, of course, whether the classical ideal of “high citizenship” remains a possibility. But the ideal of ruling and being ruled will not be my concern here. Rather, my concern will focus on the fact that citizenship has historically been a very exclusive social category. Many groups have struggled to attain the status of citizen. In the United States to be poor, black, or female, has for the most part meant automatic disenfranchisement. Citizenship, then, concerns the question of one's position in the community of which one is a part. It is, of course, not the only determinant by far and is itself dependent on other factors. Yet given these considerations, teaching about citizenship must raise the ethical issues which, if made as prominent as they deserve to be, would indeed make citizenship the subject of controversy.In this short essay, I can address only one aspect of these issues—that which centers on the relation of gender to citizenship. Although today many of us attempt to speak about citizenship in gender-neutral language, the connections of citizenship with manliness, established so long ago, still influence both thinking about citizenship and the conduct of rulers and ruled. Thus, the familiar gender gap on issues of peace and war should be seen as a symptom of deeper issues about politics, problems with a history traceable over several thousand years of Western history, problems defined by the overlay of citizenship, manliness, and military capacity.

scholarly journals The Plight of Women in Positions of Corporate Leadership in the United States, the European Union, and Japan: Differing Laws and Cultures, Similar Issues

2020 ◽  
pp. 279
Author(s):  
Bettina Binder ◽  
Terry Morehead Dworkin ◽  
Niculina Nae ◽  
Cindy Schipani ◽  
Irina Averianova
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Corporate Boards ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Status

Gender diversity in corporate governance is a highly debated issue worldwide. National campaigns such as “2020 Women on Boards” in the United States and “Women on the Board Pledge for Europe” are examples of just two initiatives aimed at increasing female representation in the corporate boardroom. Several European countries have adopted board quotas as a means toward achieving gender diversity. Japan has passed an Act on Promotion of Women’s Participation and Advancement in the Workplace to lay a foundation for establishing targets for promoting women. This Article examines the status of women in positions of leadership in the United States, several major countries in the European Union, and Japan. We focus on the legal backdrop in each jurisdiction regarding gender discrimination and studies tending to demonstrate the economic benefits of gender diversity. We conclude that although important steps have been taken in the direction of narrowing the gender gap in all jurisdictions examined, progress has been slow and difficult across the board. The issue of too few women at the top will not be resolved until there is a wider acceptance that female leaders can benefit their organizations and contribute to social and economic progress. Moreover, the presence of women on corporate boards is valuable in and of itself and the status quo ought to be further challenged in international business.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Human Hand ◽  
Theoretical Context ◽  
Critical Questions ◽  
Central Set ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Selection Of

The Introduction provides an overview of the central questions and the theoretical framework of the book. Since the early 1990s in Europe and the United States many artists critically re-appropriated religious, motifs, themes and images to produce works that cannot qualify as ‘religious,’ but remains in a dialogue with the visual legacy of mostly the Western, and more specifically the Catholic, version of Christianity. Present-day art does not embed religious images to celebrate them, but in order to pose critical questions concerning central aspects of the rules that regulate the status of images, their public significance, the conditions of their production and authorship, and their connection to an origin or tradition, a context or an author that guarantees their value. The motif of the true image or acheiropoietos (not made by a human hand) is related to central set of features that allow distinguishing between regimes or eras of the image. Its transformations provide a conceptual matrix for understanding of the reconfiguring relationships between art and religion. The introduction provides an overview of the theoretical context, the selection of artworks, bibliography on the subject and the chapters of the book.

The Muslim Surgeon and Contemporary Ethical Dilemmas Surrounding the Restoration of Virginity

Hawwa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 324-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vardit Rispler-Chaim
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Scientific Technology ◽  
Status Of Women

AbstractIn the last few decades surgeons have been able to perform an operation that repairs a torn hymen, and thus allows young women and girls whose hymen is not intact to reappear as virgins. Most of the ethical issues related to hymen repair surgery concern the conduct of the surgeon and the question of whether restoration of virginity is a way to deceive husbands. The status of hymen restoration surgery has been the subject of several fatwas issued by leading religious authorities and articles written by Muslim lawyers, physicians and ethicists. Virginity restoration, based on the above sources, appears to have its supporters and opponents. The study of hymen restoration is also related to the status of women in society and their rights, to ancient social taboos, and to the impact of modern scientific technology on society at large.

scholarly journals PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW IN BRAZIL: A BRIEF OVERVIEW

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-37
Author(s):  
Carmen Tiburcio
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
The Status ◽  
Rules And Principles ◽  
The Subject

The paper is intended to provide an overview of Private International Law in Brazil. With this purpose, it presents in broad lines the subject matters of the discipline, undertaking, whenever possible, comparisons with the contours given to it in the United States. In sum, the text deals with the acquisition of Brazilian nationality, the status of aliens, the determination of the applicable legislation to legal relationships with international connections – which includes the exam of Brazilian connecting rules and principles of Private International Law – and the exercise of Brazilian jurisdiction.

scholarly journals Economic and political future of Hong Kong

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
Nikita Sergeevich Stepanov
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Sector ◽  
Successful Development ◽  
Strategic Development ◽  
Political Conflicts ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Status ◽  
Logical Modeling ◽  
The Subject

Relevance of this article is substantiated by series changes in the world's largest economy, related to the special status of Hong Kong, which is rapidly losing its autonomy and privileges associated with it. The goal consists in outlining potential prospects and restrictions pertaining to economic and political future of Hong Kong. The subject of this research is the peculiarities, trends and patterns of Hong Kong’s development in the economic and political spheres. Examination of the development of Hong Kong and the factors impacting these processes was conducted by means of structural approach, methods of logical, comparative and statistical analysis, grouping, abstract-logical modeling, etc. The conducted research of modern trends and patterns allowed determining the key problems that may negatively affect successful development of Hong Kong in the nearest future: China’s encroachment on the special status of Hong Kong, reflected in the adoption of in 2019; possible sanctions from the United States, threatening to deprive Hong Kong of the status of world’s top financial hub; protests of Hong Kong’s residents; effects of the Coronavirus pandemic in the economic sector. The acquired results may be applied in formation of Hong Kong’s strategic development vectors, considering current conditions of political conflicts, as well as crisis trends related to Coronavirus pandemic. The scientific novelty lies in identification of the problems of current state of Hong Kong, as well as in formulation of possible solutions for balancing the crisis trends. The author believes that there could be several scenarios of events. Full abolition of the special status of Hong Kong seems less realistic, as it would suppress the attempts to establish relations based on the principle “one state – two systems”.

scholarly journals Latin American Thinking in International Relations Reloaded

OASIS ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florent Frasson-Quenoz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global South ◽  
American School ◽  
Terra Incognita ◽  
The Status ◽  
Simple Question ◽  
The Subject

In the midst of uncertainty –generated by the narratives of the decline of the United States– academics are looking for answers and cerebral stimulus in the heart of the academic Terra Incognita that is the “Global South”. Building on this interpretation, I formulate a simple question: Does a Latin American school of thought exist in International Relations? In order to respond to this question I will propose a model that will allow for an assessment of the existence of a Latin American school of thought in International Relations. Additionally, this model will enable me to distance myself from the air du temps; that is, to celebrate the existence of a school of thought before even being certain that it actually exists. For sure, the assessment done here will only stand as a first attempt, and is in no way exhaustive. Nonetheless, it will allow me, firstly, to demonstrate that the eagerness to promote any kind of academic proposal to the status of “school” is detrimental to the central goal of generating knowledge and, second, to stimulate others to think about the subject along the same lines.

Nationality: Jus Soli or Jus Sanguinis

1930 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Brown Scott
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
The Public ◽  
Law Of Nations ◽  
Difference Of Opinion ◽  
The Status ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government

There is no topic of present interest, involving as it does the status of men, women and children of various countries, and even of birth in the same country, as that of nationality. It bristles with difficulties! To begin with, various terms are used, apparently meant to mean one and the same thing, although unless they are carefully defined, they may refer to different aspects of the subject. For example, “ national” is used as a synonym for “ subject” or “ citizen,” yet one may be a national of a country, and subject to its jurisdiction, without, however, being a citizen—as in the case of the Filipinos, who are, indeed, subject to the Government of the United States and entitled to its protection abroad, although they are not citizens either in the sense of international, or of national law. Then there is a difference of opinion as to the branch of law to which the matter belongs—the Englishspeaking peoples regarding it as forming part of the public law of nations, whereas others consider it as more properly falling within the domain of private international law, to which, in turn, the English world gives the not inappropriate designation of conflict of laws.

Spelling reformers and artificial language advocates

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-303
Author(s):  
Roberto Garvía
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Artificial Language ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Status ◽  
International Standing ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Last Stage ◽  
Neutral Language

Abstract This article explores the shifting relations that took place from the last decades of the 19th to the first years of the 20th century between two of the most innovative language movements of the time: the spelling reform and the artificial language movements. The article focuses on the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and France. Although both movements shared a similar language ideology which run counter to the organicist perception of language and emphasized its democratic function, the article shows how the shifting political environment in which they operated affected their relation. The article identifies three stages. In a first stage, and convinced that the reform of the spelling and the promotion of an artificial, neutral language were not mutually exclusive projects, the spelling reformers were favorably inclined towards artificial language projects. In a second stage relations began to skew when some reformers advocated for the “natural Esperanto” solution, which implied the promotion of a small language to the status of the international lingua franca. In the last stage, when nationalist sentiments and international rivalries mounted, the spelling reformers broke ties with the artificial language movement and worked to improve as much as possible the international standing of their own languages.

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