scholarly journals Reducing implicit racial preferences: III. A process-level examination of changes in implicit preferences.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimmy Calanchini ◽  
Calvin K. Lai ◽  
Karl Christoph Klauer
Keyword(s):  
Racial Preferences ◽  
Implicit Preferences ◽  
Process Level

scholarly journals Reducing Implicit Racial Preferences: II. Intervention Effectiveness Across Time

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calvin K. Lai ◽  
Brian A. Nosek ◽  
Giuseppe Sartori ◽  
Jiyun Elizabeth L. Shin ◽  
Maddalena Marini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Effectiveness ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Racial Preferences ◽  
Term Change ◽  
Implicit Preferences ◽  
Over Time

Implicit preferences are malleable, but does that change last? We tested 9 interventions (8 real and 1 sham) to reduce implicit racial preferences over time. In 2 studies with a total of 6,321 participants, all 9 interventions immediately reduced implicit preferences. However, none were effective after a delay of several hours to several days. We also found that these interventions did not change explicit racial preferences and were not reliably moderated by motivations to respond without prejudice. Short-term malleability in implicit preferences does not necessarily lead to long-term change, raising new questions about the flexibility and stability of implicit preferences.

scholarly journals Reducing Implicit Racial Preferences: III. A Process-Level Examination of Changes in Implicit Preferences

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimmy Calanchini ◽  
Calvin K. Lai ◽  
Karl Christoph Klauer
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Implicit Bias ◽  
Bias Reduction ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Racial Preferences ◽  
Sham Intervention ◽  
Response Biases ◽  
And Control ◽  
Process Level

Implicit bias change was initially assumed to reflect changes in associations, but subsequent research demonstrated that implicit bias change can also reflect changes in control-oriented processes that constrain the expression of associations. The present research examines the process-level effects of 17 different implicit bias-reduction interventions and one sham intervention by analyzing data from more than 20,000 participants who completed an intervention condition or a baseline control condition followed by a race Implicit Association Test (IAT). To identify the processes influenced by each intervention, we applied the Quadruple process model to participants’ IAT responses then meta-analyzed parameter estimates according to a taxonomy of interventions based on shared features. Interventions that relied on counterstereotypic exemplars or strategies to override biases influenced both associations and control-oriented processes, whereas interventions that relied on evaluative conditioning influenced only control-oriented processes. In contrast, interventions that focused on egalitarian values, perspective taking, or emotion had no reliable influence on any of the processes examined. When interventions did change associations, they were much more likely to reduce positive White associations than negative Black associations. The present research extends upon traditional dual-process perspectives by identifying robust intervention effects on response biases. These findings connect features of interventions with changes in the processes underlying implicit bias.

scholarly journals Reducing Implicit Racial Preferences: I. A Comparative Investigation of 17 Interventions

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calvin K Lai ◽  
Maddalena Marini ◽  
Steven A. Lehr ◽  
Carlo Cerruti ◽  
Jiyun Elizabeth L. Shin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Black People ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Comparative Investigation ◽  
Racial Prejudice ◽  
The Other ◽  
White People ◽  
Total N ◽  
Racial Preferences ◽  
Implicit Preferences

Many methods for reducing implicit prejudice have been identified, but little is known about their relative effectiveness. We held a research contest to experimentally compare interventions for reducing the expression of implicit racial prejudice. Teams submitted seventeen interventions that were tested an average of 3.70 times each in four studies (total N = 17,021), with rules for revising interventions between studies. Eight of seventeen interventions were effective at reducing implicit preferences for Whites compared to Blacks, particularly ones that provided experience with counterstereotypical exemplars, used evaluative conditioning methods, and provided strategies to override biases. The other nine interventions were ineffective, particularly ones that engaged participants with others’ perspectives, asked participants to consider egalitarian values, or induced a positive emotion. The most potent interventions were ones that invoked high self-involvement or linked Black people with positivity and White people with negativity. No intervention consistently reduced explicit racial preferences. Furthermore, intervention effectiveness only weakly extended to implicit preferences for Asians and Hispanics.

Quasi-Disguised and Structured Measure of Schoolchildren's Racial Preferences

1969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Cohen Koslin ◽  
Bertram L. Koslin ◽  
John Cardwell ◽  
Richard Pargament
Keyword(s):  
Racial Preferences

Manufacturing In-Line Whole Wafer Focused Ion Beam (FIB) Memory Address Descramble Verification

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven B. Herschbein ◽  
Hyoung H. Kang ◽  
Scott L. Jansen ◽  
Andrew S. Dalton
Keyword(s):  
Flip Chip ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Random Access ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Laboratory Procedure ◽  
Memory Array ◽  
Dual Beam ◽  
Process Level

Abstract Test engineers and failure analyst familiar with random access memory arrays have probably encountered the frustration of dealing with address descrambling. The resulting nonsequential internal bit cell counting scheme often means that the location of the failing cell under investigation is nowhere near where it is expected to be. A logical to physical algorithm for decoding the standard library block might have been provided with the design, but is it still correct now that the array has been halved and inverted to fit the available space in a new processor chip? Off-line labs have traditionally been tasked with array layout verification. In the past, hard and soft failures could be induced on the frontside of finished product, then bitmapped to see if the sites were in agreement. As density tightened, flip-chip FIB techniques to induce a pattern of hard fails on packaged devices came into practice. While the backside FIB edit method is effective, it is complex and expensive. The installation of an in-line Dual Beam FIB created new opportunities to move FA tasks out of the lab and into the FAB. Using a new edit procedure, selected wafers have an extensive pattern of defects 'written' directly into the memory array at an early process level. Bitmapping of the RAM blocks upon wafer completion is then used to verify correlation between the physical damaged cells and the logical sites called out in the test results. This early feedback in-line methodology has worked so well that it has almost entirely displaced the complex laboratory procedure of backside FIB memory array descramble verification.

scholarly journals Steady-State Analysis of the Join-the-Shortest-Queue Model in the Halfin–Whitt Regime

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 1069-1103
Author(s):  
Anton Braverman
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Diffusion Limit ◽  
Fluid Limit ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Dimensional Diffusion ◽  
Queue Model ◽  
Join The Shortest Queue ◽  
Shortest Queue ◽  
Process Level ◽  
General Tool

This paper studies the steady-state properties of the join-the-shortest-queue model in the Halfin–Whitt regime. We focus on the process tracking the number of idle servers and the number of servers with nonempty buffers. Recently, Eschenfeldt and Gamarnik proved that a scaled version of this process converges, over finite time intervals, to a two-dimensional diffusion limit as the number of servers goes to infinity. In this paper, we prove that the diffusion limit is exponentially ergodic and that the diffusion scaled sequence of the steady-state number of idle servers and nonempty buffers is tight. Combined with the process-level convergence proved by Eschenfeldt and Gamarnik, our results imply convergence of steady-state distributions. The methodology used is the generator expansion framework based on Stein’s method, also referred to as the drift-based fluid limit Lyapunov function approach in Stolyar. One technical contribution to the framework is to show how it can be used as a general tool to establish exponential ergodicity.

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