scholarly journals The carbon components in indoor and outdoor PM2.5 in winter of Tianjin

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Baoqing Wang ◽  
Yinuo Li ◽  
Zhenzhen Tang ◽  
Ningning Cai
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Reflection Method ◽  
Laboratory Environment ◽  
Optical Reflection ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Environment Factor ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

AbstractTo study the carbon components in indoor and outdoor PM2.5, the samples of PM2.5 were collected from Nankai University in December 2015. The contents of eight carbon components were analyzed to use the thermo-optical reflection method. The results indicated that organic carbon (OC) mass concentration was 17.01, 19.48 and 18.92 µg/m3 in outdoor, dormitory and laboratory; elemental carbon (EC) mass concentration was 7.97, 3.56 and 3.53 µg/m3 in outdoor, dormitory and laboratory; and the total carbon aerosol was the proportion of more than 23% of PM2.5 samples. Lower wind speed and higher relative humidity were helpful to the accumulation of PM2.5. The ratio of OC/EC was > 2, and the SOC/OC ratio was > 30%, indicating that SOC was a crucial component indoors and outdoors. About 72% and 85% of the outdoor OC entering dormitory and laboratory environment, and about 59% and 71% of the outdoor EC entering dormitory and laboratory environment. Factor analysis of the eight carbon fractions indicated that the sources of OC and EC in outdoor, dormitory and laboratory is different.

scholarly journals Sources and mixing state of size-resolved elemental carbon particles in a European megacity: Paris

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1681-1700 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Healy ◽  
J. Sciare ◽  
L. Poulain ◽  
K. Kamili ◽  
M. Merkel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Single Particle ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Particle Mass ◽  
Mass Size ◽  
Mass Concentrations

Abstract. An Aerosol Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS) was deployed to investigate the size-resolved chemical composition of single particles at an urban background site in Paris, France, as part of the MEGAPOLI winter campaign in January/February 2010. ATOFMS particle counts were scaled to match coincident Twin Differential Mobility Particle Sizer (TDMPS) data in order to generate hourly size-resolved mass concentrations for the single particle classes observed. The total scaled ATOFMS particle mass concentration in the size range 150–1067 nm was found to agree very well with the sum of concurrent High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and Multi-Angle Absorption Photometer (MAAP) mass concentration measurements of organic carbon (OC), inorganic ions and black carbon (BC) (R2 = 0.91). Clustering analysis of the ATOFMS single particle mass spectra allowed the separation of elemental carbon (EC) particles into four classes: (i) EC attributed to biomass burning (ECbiomass), (ii) EC attributed to traffic (ECtraffic), (iii) EC internally mixed with OC and ammonium sulfate (ECOCSOx), and (iv) EC internally mixed with OC and ammonium nitrate (ECOCNOx). Average hourly mass concentrations for EC-containing particles detected by the ATOFMS were found to agree reasonably well with semi-continuous quantitative thermal/optical EC and optical BC measurements (r2 = 0.61 and 0.65–0.68 respectively, n = 552). The EC particle mass assigned to fossil fuel and biomass burning sources also agreed reasonably well with BC mass fractions assigned to the same sources using seven-wavelength aethalometer data (r2 = 0.60 and 0.48, respectively, n = 568). Agreement between the ATOFMS and other instrumentation improved noticeably when a period influenced by significantly aged, internally mixed EC particles was removed from the intercomparison. 88% and 12% of EC particle mass was apportioned to fossil fuel and biomass burning respectively using the ATOFMS data compared with 85% and 15% respectively for BC estimated from the aethalometer model. On average, the mass size distribution for EC particles is bimodal; the smaller mode is attributed to locally emitted, mostly externally mixed EC particles, while the larger mode is dominated by aged, internally mixed ECOCNOx particles associated with continental transport events. Periods of continental influence were identified using the Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model (LPDM) "FLEXPART". A consistent minimum between the two EC mass size modes was observed at approximately 400 nm for the measurement period. EC particles below this size are attributed to local emissions using chemical mixing state information and contribute 79% of the scaled ATOFMS EC particle mass, while particles above this size are attributed to continental transport events and contribute 21% of the EC particle mass. These results clearly demonstrate the potential benefit of monitoring size-resolved mass concentrations for the separation of local and continental EC emissions. Knowledge of the relative input of these emissions is essential for assessing the effectiveness of local abatement strategies.

scholarly journals Short-Term Effects of Carbonaceous Components in PM2.5 on Pulmonary Function: A Panel Study of 37 Chinese Healthy Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (13) ◽  
pp. 2259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huang ◽  
Feng ◽  
Zuo ◽  
Liao ◽  
He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Organic Carbon Concentration ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Objectives: To explore the health effects of indoor/outdoor carbonaceous compositions in PM2.5 on pulmonary function among healthy students living in the local university campus. Methods: Daily peak expiratory flow (PEF) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) were measured among 37 healthy students in the morning and evening for four two-week periods. Concurrent concentrations of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5m), carbonaceous components in PM2.5, ambient temperature, and relative humidity in the study area were also obtained. Mixed-effects model was applied to evaluate the associations between carbonaceous components and lung function. Different lags for the carbonaceous components were investigated. Results: In single-pollutant model, a 10 g/m3 increase of indoor and outdoor EC (elemental carbon) associated with −3.93 (95%CI: −6.89, −0.97) L/min and −3.21 (95%CI: −5.67, −0.75) L/min change in evening PEF at lag 0 day, respectively. Also, a 10 g/m3 increase of indoor and outdoor POC (primary organic carbon) concentration was significantly associated with −5.82 (95%CI: −10.82, −0.81) L/min and −7.32 (95%CI: −12.93, −1.71) L/min change of evening PEF at lag 0 day. After adjusting total mass of PM2.5, indoor EC consistently had a significant adverse impact on evening PEF and FEV1 at lag3 day and a cumulative effect at lag0-3 day. Conclusions: This study suggests that carbonaceous components in PM2.5 indeed have impacts on pulmonary function among healthy young adults especially on evening PEF. Thus, the local mitigation strategies on pollution are needed.

scholarly journals A method for mapping the aliphatic hydrocarbon content of interstellar dust towards the Galactic Centre

2020 ◽  
Vol 493 (1) ◽  
pp. 1109-1119
Author(s):  
B Günay ◽  
M G Burton ◽  
M Afşar ◽  
T W Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Interstellar Dust ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Galactic Centre ◽  
Absorption Feature ◽  
Ir Camera ◽  
Carbon Abundance ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Aliphatic Carbon

ABSTRACT In the interstellar medium, the cosmic elemental carbon abundance includes the total carbon in both gas and solid phases. The aim of the study was to trial a new method for measuring the amount and distribution of aliphatic carbon within interstellar dust over wide fields of view of our Galaxy. This method is based on the measurement of the 3.4-$\mu$m absorption feature from aliphatic carbonaceous matter. This can readily be achieved for single sources using infrared (IR) spectrometers. However, making such measurements over wide fields requires an imaging IR camera, equipped with narrow-band filters that are able to sample the spectrum. While this cannot produce as good a determination of the spectra, the technique can be applied to potentially tens to hundreds of sources simultaneously, over the field of view of the camera. We examined this method for a field in the centre of the Galaxy, and produced a map showing the variation of 3.4-$\mu$m optical depth across it.

scholarly journals Fossil and non-fossil sources of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in Göteborg, Sweden

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1521-1535 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Szidat ◽  
M. Ruff ◽  
N. Perron ◽  
L. Wacker ◽  
H.-A. Synal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Latin Hypercube Sampling ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Back Trajectories ◽  
Wood Burning

Abstract. Particulate matter was collected at an urban site in Göteborg (Sweden) in February/March 2005 and in June/July 2006. Additional samples were collected at a rural site for the winter period. Total carbon (TC) concentrations were 2.1–3.6 μg m−3, 1.8–1.9 μg m−3, and 2.2–3.0 μg m−3 for urban/winter, rural/winter, and urban/summer conditions, respectively. Elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), water-insoluble OC (WINSOC), and water-soluble OC (WSOC) were analyzed for 14C in order to distinguish fossil from non-fossil emissions. As wood burning is the single major source of non-fossil EC, its contribution can be quantified directly. For non-fossil OC, the wood-burning fraction was determined independently by levoglucosan and 14C analysis and combined using Latin-hypercube sampling (LHS). For the winter period, the relative contribution of EC from wood burning to the total EC was >3 times higher at the rural site compared to the urban site, whereas the absolute concentrations of EC from wood burning were elevated only moderately at the rural compared to the urban site. Thus, the urban site is substantially more influenced by fossil EC emissions. For summer, biogenic emissions dominated OC concentrations most likely due to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. During both seasons, a more pronounced fossil signal was observed for Göteborg than has previously been reported for Zurich, Switzerland. Analysis of air mass origin using back trajectories suggests that the fossil impact was larger when local sources dominated, whereas long-range transport caused an enhanced non-fossil signal. In comparison to other European locations, concentrations of levoglucosan and other monosaccharide anhydrides were low for the urban and the rural site in the area of Göteborg during winter.

Relationships Between Personal, Indoor, and Outdoor Levels of Sulfate, Elemental Carbon, and PM2.5 for a Cohort of Individuals With Cardiopulmonary Disease

Epidemiology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 17 (Suppl) ◽  
pp. S108-S109
Author(s):  
K W. Brown ◽  
J A. Sarnat ◽  
B A. Coull ◽  
H H. Suh ◽  
J D. Spengler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Disease ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

scholarly journals Better constraints on sources of carbonaceous aerosols using a combined <sup>14</sup>C – macro tracer analysis in a European rural background site

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5685-5700 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Gilardoni ◽  
E. Vignati ◽  
F. Cavalli ◽  
J. P. Putaud ◽  
B. R. Larsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosol ◽  
Back Trajectory ◽  
Po Valley ◽  
Background Site ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Source Contributions

Abstract. The source contributions to carbonaceous PM2.5 aerosol were investigated at a European background site at the edge of the Po Valley, in Northern Italy, during the period January–December 2007. Carbonaceous aerosol was described as the sum of 8 source components: primary (1) and secondary (2) biomass burning organic carbon, biomass burning elemental carbon (3), primary (4) and secondary (5) fossil organic carbon, fossil fuel burning elemental carbon (6), primary (7) and secondary (8) biogenic organic carbon. The mass concentration of each component was quantified using a set of macro tracers (organic carbon OC, elemental carbon EC, and levoglucosan), micro tracers (arabitol and mannitol), and 14C measurements. This was the first time that 14C measurements covered a full annual cycle with daily resolution. This set of 6 tracers, together with assumed uncertainty ranges of the ratios of OC-to-EC, and the reference fraction of modern carbon in the 8 source categories, provides strong constraints to the source contributions to carbonaceous aerosol. The uncertainty of contributions was assessed with a Quasi-Monte Carlo (QMC) method accounting for the variability of OC and EC emission factors, the uncertainty of reference fractions of modern carbon, and the measurement uncertainty. During winter, biomass burning composed 64 % (±15 %) of the total carbon (TC) concentration, while in summer secondary biogenic OC accounted for 50 % (±16 %) of TC. The contribution of primary biogenic aerosol particles was negligible during the entire year. Moreover, aerosol associated with fossil sources represented 27 % (±16 %) and 41 % (±26 %) of TC in winter and summer, respectively. The contribution of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) to the organic mass (OM) was significant during the entire year. SOA accounted for 30 % (±16 %) and 85 % (±12 %) of OM during winter and summer, respectively. While the summer SOA was dominated by biogenic sources, winter SOA was mainly due to biomass burning and fossil sources. This indicates that the oxidation of semi-volatile and intermediate volatility organic compounds co-emitted with primary organics is a significant source of SOA, as suggested by recent model results and Aerosol Mass Spectrometer measurements. Comparison with previous global model simulations, indicates a strong underestimate of wintertime primary aerosol emissions in this region. The comparison of source apportionment results in different urban and rural areas showed that the sampling site was mainly affected by local aerosol sources during winter and regional air masses from the nearby Po Valley in summer. This observation was further confirmed by back-trajectory analysis applying the Potential Source Contribution Function method to identify potential source regions.

scholarly journals Characterization and source apportionment of atmospheric organic and elemental carbon during fall and winter of 2003 in Xi'an, China

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 3127-3137 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Cao ◽  
F. Wu ◽  
J. C. Chow ◽  
S. C. Lee ◽  
Y. Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosol ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
Residential Coal

Abstract. Continuous measurements of atmospheric organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC) were taken during the high-pollution fall and winter seasons at Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China from September 2003 through February 2004. Battery-powered mini-volume samplers collected PM2.5 samples daily and PM10 samples every third day. Samples were also obtained from the plumes of residential coal combustion, motor-vehicle exhaust, and biomass burning sources. These samples were analyzed for OC/EC by thermal/optical reflectance (TOR) following the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) protocol. OC and EC levels at Xi'an are higher than most urban cities in Asia. Average PM2.5 OC concentrations in fall and winter were 34.1±18.0 μg m−3 and 61.9±;33.2 μg m−3, respectively; while EC concentrations were 11.3±6.9 μg m−3 and 12.3±5.3 μg m−3, respectively. Most of the OC and EC were in the PM2.5 fraction. OC was strongly correlated (R>0.95) with EC in the autumn and moderately correlated (R=0.81) with EC during winter. Carbonaceous aerosol (OC×1.6+EC) accounted for 48.8%±10.1% of the PM2.5 mass during fall and 45.9±7.5% during winter. The average OC/EC ratio was 3.3 in fall and 5.1 in winter, with individual OC/EC ratios nearly always exceeding 2.0. The higher wintertime OC/EC corresponded to increased residential coal combustion for heating. Total carbon (TC) was associated with source contributions using absolute principal component analysis (APCA) with eight thermally-derived carbon fractions. During fall, 73% of TC was attributed to gasoline engine exhaust, 23% to diesel exhaust, and 4% to biomass burning. During winter, 44% of TC was attributed to gasoline engine exhaust, 44% to coal burning, 9% to biomass burning, and 3% to diesel engine exhaust.

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