scholarly journals Task compliance predicts suppression-induced forgetting in a large sample

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peiduo Liu ◽  
Justin C. Hulbert ◽  
Wenjing Yang ◽  
Yuhua Guo ◽  
Jiang Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Final Test ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Test Expectancy ◽  
Task Instructions ◽  
Large N ◽  
Initial Learning ◽  
Induced Forgetting ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Robust Evidence

AbstractSuppression-induced forgetting (SIF) refers to a memory impairment resulting from repeated attempts to stop the retrieval of unwanted memory associates. SIF has become established in the literature through a growing number of reports built upon the Think/No-Think (TNT) paradigm. Not all individuals and not all reported experiments yield reliable forgetting, however. Given the reliance on task instructions to motivate participants to suppress target memories, such inconsistencies in SIF may reasonably owe to differences in compliance or expectations as to whether they will again need to retrieve those items (on, say, a final test). We tested these possibilities on a large (N = 497) sample of TNT participants. In addition to successfully replicating SIF, we found that the magnitude of the effect was significantly and negatively correlated with participants’ reported compliance during the No-Think trials. This pattern held true on both same- and independent-probe measures of forgetting, as well as when the analysis was conditionalized on initial learning. In contrast, test expectancy was not associated with SIF. Supporting previous intuition and more limited post-hoc examinations, this study provides robust evidence that a lack of compliance with No-Think instructions significantly compromises SIF. As such, it suggests that diminished effects in some studies may owe, at least in part, to non-compliance—a factor that should be carefully tracked and/or controlled. Motivated forgetting is possible, provided that one is sufficiently motivated and capable of following the task instructions.

scholarly journals Driven to forget: Task compliance predicts suppression-induced forgetting in a large sample

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peiduo Liu ◽  
Justin Hulbert ◽  
Wenjing Yang ◽  
Yuhua Guo ◽  
Qiujiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Final Test ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Test Expectancy ◽  
Task Instructions ◽  
Large N ◽  
Initial Learning ◽  
Induced Forgetting ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Robust Evidence

Suppression-induced forgetting (SIF) refers to a memory impairment resulting from repeated attempts to stop the retrieval of unwanted memory associates. SIF has become established in the literature through a growing number of reports built upon the Think/No-Think (TNT) paradigm. Not all individuals and not all reported experiments yield reliable forgetting, however. Given the reliance on task instructions to motivate participants to suppress target memories, such inconsistencies in SIF may reasonably owe to differences in compliance or expectations as to whether they will again need to retrieve those items (on, say, a final test). We tested these possibilities on a large (N= 497) sample of TNT participants. In addition to successfully replicating SIF, we found that the magnitude of the effect was predicted significantly and negatively by participants’ reported compliance during the No-Think trials. This pattern held true on both same- and independent-probe measures of forgetting, as well as when the analysis was conditionalized on initial learning. In contrast, test expectancy did not reliably predict SIF. Supporting previous intuition and more limited post-hoc examinations, this study provides robust evidence that a lack of compliance with No-Think instructions significantly compromises SIF. As such, it suggests that diminished effects in some studies may owe, at least in part, to non-compliance—a factor that should be carefully tracked and/or controlled. Motivated forgetting is possible, provided that one is sufficiently motivated and capable of following the task instructions.

Variability of Time to Exhaustion During Submaximal Exercise

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom M. McLellan ◽  
Stephen S. Cheung ◽  
Ira Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Dependent Measure ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Final Test ◽  
Exercise Time ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Average Fitness

Exercise time to exhaustion (TE) is commonly used to evaluate the success or failure of such treatments as endurance training programs or nutritional supplements. The present study determined the variability of TE during submaximal exercise at 80% [Formula: see text]. Fifteen males performed cycle exercise to exhaustion on five occasions at the same time of day with a minimum of 72 hrs between sessions. There was no difference in TE (0.1 > p > 0.05) among the trials, with values ranging from 14.4 ± 1.1 min for Test 1 to 18.2 ± 2.4 min during the final test. Substantial variability in TE over the five trials was observed among subjects with coefficients of variation (CV) ranging from 2.8 to 31.4%. Subjects were divided into two groups using the median CV for TE. For the low CV group (n = 8), TE was significantly increased during Test 3 (14.9 ± 1.3 min) compared with Test 1 (12.8 ± 1.0 min) and Test 5 (12.5 ± 1.2 min). For the high CV group (n = 7), TE was increased during Test 5 (24.7 ± 3.7 min) compared with the other tests (18.5 ± 2.2 min). CV for [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], pH, [Formula: see text], and rectal temperature were less than 5% and did not differ between groups. Post hoc power calculations revealed that if all subjects were considered as one group, sample size would have to increase to 40 to increase the power to 0.8. Due to the variability in TE that may be observed with males of average fitness, it is concluded that TE should not be the only dependent measure used to evaluate treatment effects during submaximal exercise. Key words: coefficient of variation, blood lactate, sample size, power

scholarly journals Effects of a Nutritional Formulation Containing Caprylic and Capric Acid, Phosphatidylserine, and Docosahexaenoic Acid in Streptozotocin-Lesioned Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 353-363
Author(s):  
Eric L.R. Moura ◽  
Hellin dos Santos ◽  
Ana Paula M. Celes ◽  
Taysa B. Bassani ◽  
Leonardo C. Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Recognition Test ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Capric Acid ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Object Recognition Test ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Medical Nutrition

Background: It has been studied that nutrition can influence Alzheimer’s disease (AD) onset and progression. Some studies on rodents using intraventricular streptozotocin (STZ) injection showed that this toxin changes cerebral glucose metabolism and insulin signaling pathways. Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether a nutritional formulation could reduce cognitive impairment in STZ-induced animals. Methods: The rats were randomly divided into two groups: sham and STZ. The STZ group received a single bilateral STZ-ICV injection (1 mg/kg). The sham group received a bilateral ICV injection of 0.9% saline solution. The animals were treated with AZ1 formulation (Instanth® NEO, Prodiet Medical Nutrition) (1 g/kg, PO) or its vehicle (saline solution) for 30 days, once a day starting one day after the stereotaxic surgery (n = 6–10). The rats were evaluated using the open field test to evaluate locomotor activity at day 27 after surgery. Cognitive performance was evaluated at day 28 using the object recognition test and the spatial version of the Y-maze test. At day 30, the rats were anesthetized with chloral hydrate (400 mg/kg, i.p) and euthanized in order to evaluate IBA1 in the hippocampus. The differences were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s or Kruskal Wallis with Dunn’s post-hoc test. Results/Conclusion: STZ-lesioned rats present memory impairment besides the increased microglial activation. The treatment with AZ1 formulation reversed the memory impairment observed in the object recognition test and Y-maze and also reduced IBA1 in CA1 and DG.

scholarly journals Safe Pedestrian Behaviours among Children Aged 7 to 9 in Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-65
Author(s):  
Low Fin ◽  
Nurfatin Suhaimi ◽  
Nur Nor ◽  
Amelia Ghani
Keyword(s):  
Random Sample ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Safety Education ◽  
The Road ◽  
Large N ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
One Way Anova

The present study examined safe pedestrian behaviours according to the Malaysian Road Safety Education module among 7-year-old to 9-year-old children in Malaysia. A survey was conducted with a relatively large (n = 1206) random sample of children aged 7 to 9 years old, drawn from 24 selected schools in six states in Malaysia based on the highest numbers of crash cases. Analysis of one-way ANOVA revealed a statistically significant difference in safe pedestrian behaviours between different ages. Post hoc comparisons using the Tukey HSD test indicated that the mean score of safe pedestrian behaviours for 7-year-old children was significantly higher than that of 8-year-old children (p = .004) and 9-year-old children (p = .021). No statistically significant difference was revealed between the 8-year-olds and 9-year-olds (p = .859) at the 0.05 level. Although many children reported safe pedestrian behaviours, low levels of certain safe pedestrian behaviours were also reported – less than 30% of the children aged 7 to 9 reported to ‘always’ wear bright clothes, walk against the traffic, and wave at the drivers to cross the road. In addition, a small percentage (9.9-13.6%) of children aged 7 to 9 also reported to ‘always’ wear dark clothes at night, cross the street between parked cars, and run to cross the road. These findings may inform programs to improve children’s safe pedestrian behaviours.

scholarly journals Seasoned Equity Offerings and Stock Price Crash Risk

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 131-146
Author(s):  
Rodney D. Boehme ◽  
Veljko Fotak ◽  
Anthony May
Keyword(s):  
Stock Price ◽  
Seasoned Equity Offerings ◽  
Bad News ◽  
Good News ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Equity Offerings ◽  
Jump Risk ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Secondary Shares ◽  
Robust Evidence

Using a large sample of U.S. firms during 1987–2011, we find robust evidence that the issuance of seasoned equity is associated with abnormally high future stock price crash risk. The association between seasoned equity offerings and crash risk is stronger among offerings that involve the sale of secondary shares (existing shares sold by insiders or large blockholders). We also find that recent seasoned equity issuers are far less likely to experience sudden positive price jumps relative to firms that have not recently issued equity. Our findings of elevated crash risk and diminished jump risk, when taken together, are consistent with a heightened propensity for firms to hoard bad news but not good news when issuing equity.

scholarly journals Associations of psychotic-like experiences, related symptoms, and working memory with functioning

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte A. Chun ◽  
Shanna Cooper ◽  
Lauren M. Ellman
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Role Functioning ◽  
Symptom Dimensions ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Overall Functioning

Abstract This study examined the association of spatial working memory and attenuated psychotic-like experiences and related symptoms with social and role functioning. Findings from this study suggest that symptom dimensions and working memory impairment were associated with diminished functioning across a variety of domains. Specifically, negative symptoms and working memory impairment were inversely associated with both social and role functioning, whereas positive and disorganized symptoms showed inverse associations with social functioning only. Symptom dimensions did not moderate cognitive and functional variables, although working memory and attenuated clinical symptoms had an additive effect on functioning. Post-hoc analyses examining symptom dimensions simultaneously showed negative symptoms to be the variable most strongly predictive of overall functioning. These findings suggest that even in a non-clinical sample, sub-threshold psychosis symptoms and cognition may influence people’s social and role functioning.

scholarly journals Is This Going to Be on The Test? Testing Expectancy Moderates the Sans Forgetica Effect

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Geller ◽  
Daniel Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Recall Test ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Final Test ◽  
Test Expectancy ◽  
Desirable Difficulties ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Test

Recent work examining the mnemonic effects of Sans Forgetica have yielded discrepant findings; some research finds support for the idea that the novel, disfluent typeface improves memory while other research does not. To explore this discrepancy, the current study examined a boundary condition that determines when Sans Forgetica is and is not beneficial to learning. Specifically, we examined whether knowledge about an upcoming test (high test expectancy) versus not (low test expectancy) helps clarify when mnemonic benefits arise and when they do not. In Experiment 1 (preregistered, N = 231), we found that Sans Forgetica is a desirable difficulty, but only under the right circumstances. That is, Sans Forgetica was in fact perceptually disfluent as evinced by lower JOLs and increased study times. However, we observed improved memory on an old/new recognition test only when there was no expectation of a final test. When participants expected a test, the effect disappeared. In Experiment 2 (N = 116), we conceptually replicated the results of Experiment 1 using a cued recall test. Caution should be taken in interpreting these results, however. Not only were the effect sizes small, but low testing expectancy may not be realistically achievable in actual educational contexts. Echoing our prior arguments, students wanting to remember more and forget less should stick to other, more empirically supported desirable difficulties shown to enhance memory.

Young Children Learning with Logo: An Analysis of Strategies and Interactions

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Yelland
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Learning Experiences ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Task Goal ◽  
Task Instructions ◽  
Initial Learning ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Over Time

The present study used the screen version of Apple Logo to investigate the strategies and interactions of young children while they were engaged in Logo tasks. Eighteen children (mean age 7 years 6 months) completed Logo tasks individually and then in one of three gender pairs (girl/girl, boy/boy, and boy/girl). The results of the study indicted that there were differences in performance, based on gender, related to the consideration of three main variables; the number of moves made, time taken and the number of errors made. However, the nature of the differences changed over time and analyses of the strategies and interactions of the pairs indicated that in initial learning experiences the girls in the study were more careful and less likely to take risks to achieve the task goal than boys or boy/girl pairs working together. Additional examination of the interactions of the pairs suggested that the most successful, in terms of efficiency, were those pairs that applied higher order processes in the execution of the task consistently. The application of such processes was mediated by personality characteristics, such as caution, the desire to adhere to implicit task instructions, and fear of making mistakes.

scholarly journals Memory impairment in multiple sclerosis is due to a core deficit in initial learning

2013 ◽  
Vol 260 (10) ◽  
pp. 2491-2496 ◽  
Author(s):  
John DeLuca ◽  
Victoria M. Leavitt ◽  
Nancy Chiaravalloti ◽  
Glenn Wylie
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Core Deficit ◽  
Initial Learning

scholarly journals Sleep reactivation did not boost suppression-induced forgetting

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eitan Schechtman ◽  
Anna Lampe ◽  
Brianna J. Wilson ◽  
Eunbi Kwon ◽  
Michael C. Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Memory Reactivation ◽  
Memory Suppression ◽  
Induced Forgetting ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Target Words

AbstractSleep's role in memory consolidation is widely acknowledged, but its role in weakening memories is still debated. Memory weakening is evolutionary beneficial and makes an integral contribution to cognition. We sought evidence on whether sleep-based memory reactivation can facilitate memory suppression. Participants learned pairs of associable words (e.g., DIET–CREAM) and were then exposed to hint words (e.g., DIET) and instructed to either recall (“think”) or suppress (“no-think”) the corresponding target words (e.g., CREAM). As expected, suppression impaired retention when tested immediately after a 90-min nap. To test if reactivation could selectively enhance memory suppression during sleep, we unobtrusively presented one of two sounds conveying suppression instructions during sleep, followed by hint words. Results showed that targeted memory reactivation did not enhance suppression-induced forgetting. Although not predicted, post-hoc analyses revealed that sleep cues strengthened memory, but only for suppressed pairs that were weakly encoded before sleep. The results leave open the question of whether memory suppression can be augmented during sleep, but suggest strategies for future studies manipulating memory suppression during sleep. Additionally, our findings support the notion that sleep reactivation is particularly beneficial for weakly encoded information, which may be prioritized for consolidation.

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