Voluntary intake of a medicated feed block by grazing sheep is increased by gastrointestinal nematode infection

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 1136
Author(s):  
F. J. Fishpool ◽  
L. P. Kahn ◽  
D. J. Tucker ◽  
J. V. Nolan ◽  
R. A. Leng
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Infected Sheep ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Grazing Sheep ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
To Receive

The aim of this study was to determine the rate, variability and repeatability of intake by grazing sheep of a medicated feed block (MFB) containing fenbendazole and investigate if infection with gastrointestinal nematodes altered consumption patterns of the MFB in the same grazing mob. In Experiment 1, 30 Merino wethers were given access to an MFB for two separate 1-week periods, with blood sampling at Days 2, 4 and 6 of each period to determine MFB intake. In Experiment 2, the wethers were selected based on previous MFB intake and allocated to receive an oral dose of 10 000 Trichostrongylus colubriformis and 3000 Haemonchus contortus (anthelmintic susceptible) or a long acting anthelmintic. After 5 weeks, sheep were given access to an MFB (1.5 mg fenbendazole/g) and eight blood samples were taken over 2 weeks to determine intake. In Experiment 1, individual MFB intake in Week 1 and Week 2 was positively correlated (P = 0.002, R2 = 0.287). Mean individual MFB intake in Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 was positively correlated (P = 0.008, R2 = 0.047). In Experiment 2, more infected wethers (95%) consumed the MFB than did uninfected wethers (79%) (P < 0.001) and infected wethers ate significantly more MFB over the first 4 days (P = 0.041) of access. All infected sheep consumed sufficient MFB to receive a therapeutic dose and worm egg counts in infected sheep declined from 2165 epg to 120 epg in the first week of access to MFB. The decline in differences in MFB intake between infected and uninfected sheep corresponded to the decline in worm egg count, suggesting the existence of self-medication with parasitism accounting for intake differences.

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal nematode infections in sheep raised in Botucatu, state of São Paulo, Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurício Orlando Wilmsen ◽  
Bruna Fernanda Silva ◽  
César Cristiano Bassetto ◽  
Alessandro Francisco Talamini do Amarante
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Mean Intensity ◽  
Oesophagostomum Columbianum ◽  
The Mean ◽  
In Parenthesis

Gastrointestinal nematode infections were evaluated in sheep raised in Botucatu, state of São Paulo, Brazil between April 2008 and March 2011. Every month, two tracer lambs grazing with a flock of sheep were exposed to natural infection with gastrointestinal nematodes for 28 consecutive days. At the end of this period, the lambs were sacrificed for worm counts. Haemonchus contortus presented 100% of prevalence. The seasons exerted no significant influence on the mean intensity of H. contortus, which ranged from 315 worms in November 2010 to 2,5205 worms in January 2011. The prevalence of Trichostrongylus colubriformis was also 100%, with the lowest mean intensity (15 worms) recorded in February 2011 and the highest (9,760 worms) in October 2009. In the case of T. colubriformis, a significant correlation coefficient was found between worm counts vs. rainfall (r = −0.32; P <0.05). Three other nematodes species were found in tracer lambs, albeit in small numbers. Their prevalence and mean intensity (in parenthesis) were as follows: Oesophagostomum columbianum 28% (25.2), Cooperia curticei 7% (4.5) and Trichuris spp. 2% (1). In conclusion, the environmental conditions of the area proved to be highly favorable for the year-round transmission of H. contortus and T. colubriformis.

Moisture and temperature requirements in faeces for the development of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep, cattle and deer

1995 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.E. Rossanigo ◽  
L. Gruner
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Cooperia Oncophora ◽  
Teladorsagia Circumcincta ◽  
Temperature Requirements ◽  
Different Temperatures

AbstractIsolates from eight gastrointestinal nematode species parasitic in sheep, cattle and deer were maintained in sheep, to provide eggs in similar faecal environments and to compare temperature and moisture requirements for their development. Faecal cultures were processed at different temperatures (for four species) and moisture contents (for eight species). At 60% of faecal moisture content (FMC), maximal rates of development (expressed as L3/100 hatchable eggs estimated by an extraction technique from the faeves) were observed at 20, 23 and 28°C respectively for Ostertagia leptospicularis, O. ostertagi, Teladorsagia circumcinctaand Trichostrongylus colunriformis. For the eight species, the curves of development rates as functions of FMC were Gaussian, without modification between 18 and 28°C. Optimal developments were when the FMC ranged from 57 to 68%; low development of 1L3/100eggs were observed when the FMC ranged from 85 to 95% and from 25 to 55%. The main differences between species were in the ability of the eggs of Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, T. vitrinusand Chabertia ovina to develop at lower FMC than Haemonchus contortus, O. ostertagi, O. legptospicularis and Cooperia oncophora.

Availability to grazing sheep of gastrointestinal nematode infection arising from summer contamination of pastures

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Donald ◽  
FHW Morley ◽  
PJ Waller ◽  
A Axelsen ◽  
JR Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Infected Sheep ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Nematode Eggs ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Clover Pasture

In two successive years, separate phalaris-subterranean clover pasture plots near Canberra were contaminated with nematode eggs by grazing with naturally infected sheep in each of the summer months (December, January, February) and the first month of autumn (March). At intervals until mid- to late winter, the availability of infection on pasture was estimated by grazing with worm-free 'tracer' lambs which were subsequently slaughtered for worm counts. Summer rainfall in both years was above average. Tracer counts of Haemonchus contortus and Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus and Nematodirus spp. per l08 eggs per hectare remained high during summer, with evidence that migration of larvae to the herbage could continue for at least 2 months after contamination. Rates of decline in tracer worm counts over the autumn and winter did not differ between years, and from an assumed maximum 2 months after contamination in each of the summer months, were fastest from December and slowest from February contamination. These rates were similar for all genera on December-contaminated plots, but on January and February plots, Ostertagia spp. declined more slowly. H. contortus numbers fell sharply in early autumn to be low by the end of May. By mid July there would be few larvae of all genera available on pastures contaminated in December and January, but this is less certain on February-contaminated pastures, especially for Ostertagia spp. Implications for the control of nematode infections in sheep by anthelmintic treatment and grazing management are considered.

scholarly journals High Predatory Capacity of a Novel Arthrobotrys oligospora Variety on the Ovine Gastrointestinal Nematode Haemonchus contortus (Rhabditomorpha: Trichostrongylidae)

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 815
Author(s):  
Fabián Arroyo-Balán ◽  
Fidel Landeros-Jaime ◽  
Roberto González-Garduño ◽  
Cristiana Cazapal-Monteiro ◽  
Maria Sol Arias-Vázquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Arthrobotrys Oligospora ◽  
Aerial Hyphae ◽  
Conidia Production ◽  
Predatory Capacity

With the worldwide development of anthelmintic resistance, new alternative approaches for controlling gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep are urgently required. In this work, we identified and characterized native nematode-trapping fungi. We collected seven isolates of fungi with the capacity to form adhesive, three-dimensional networks as the main mechanism to capture, kill, and consume nematodes. The nematode-trapping fungi were classified into two groups; the first group includes the R2-13 strain, showing faster growth, abundant aerial hyphae, scarce conidia production, bigger conidia, and it formed a clade with Arthrobotrys oligospora sensu stricto. The second comprises the A6, A12, A13, R2-1, R2-6, and R2-14 strains, showing a growth adhering to the culture medium, forming little aerial hyphae, smaller conidia, and these formed a sister clade to A. oligospora. Except for the R2-6 strain, conidia production was induced by light. In all the strains, the predatory capacity against the sheep gastrointestinal nematode Haemonchus contortus was greater than 58% compared with the control group. The A6 and A13 strains were the most active against the infective H. contortus third instar (L3) larvae, with an average capture capacity of 91%. Altogether, our results support evidence for a novel A. oligospora variety with high nematode-trapping activity and promissory in helminthic control.

scholarly journals Differences in immune responses to Haemonchus contortus infection in the susceptible Ile de France and the resistant Santa Ines sheep under different anthelmintic treatments regimens

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Cláudia A. Albuquerque ◽  
Cesar Cristiano Bassetto ◽  
Fabiana A. Almeida ◽  
Katie A. Hildersley ◽  
Tom N. McNeilly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Tuft Cell ◽  
Santa Inês

AbstractUnderstanding the immunological basis of resistance to gastrointestinal nematode infections in livestock is important in order to develop novel methods of parasite control such as vaccination or genetic selection for parasite resistance. The present study aimed to investigate differences in immune response between parasite resistant Santa Ines and susceptible Ile de France sheep breeds to natural Haemonchus contortus infection. Parasitological parameters, humoral immunity, local and circulating cellular immune responses were evaluated in 19 Santa Ines and 19 Ile de France lambs undergoing different anthelmintic treatments regimens: suppressive treatments (SUP) or targeted selective treatments (TST) over a 5-month grazing period. Santa Ines lambs had significantly lower Haemonchus faecal egg count and worm burden compared to Ile de France regardless of treatment regime. In addition, circulating blood eosinophils count and parasite-specific IgG levels were significantly higher and more rapidly induced in Santa Ines lambs. Abomasal immune responses were generally greater in the resistant breed, which had significantly higher levels of parasite-specific IgA in mucus, and elevated number of globule leukocytes and CD3+ T cells within the abomasal mucosal. Furthermore, numbers of POU2F3+ epithelial cells, a tuft-cell specific transcription factor, were also elevated in the Santa Ines breed, suggesting that this breed is better able to initiate T-helper type 2 immune responses within the abomasum. In conclusion, the differential immunological responses detailed here are relevant to understanding resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in other host breeds, as well as to resistance breeding as a sustainable control approach for parasitic infections.

scholarly journals 177 Use of diatomaceous earth and copper oxide wire particles to control gastrointestinal nematodes in lambs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 72-72
Author(s):  
Olivia Jones ◽  
Joan M Burke ◽  
James E Miller ◽  
Charles Rosenkrans
Keyword(s):  
Copper Oxide ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Combination Treatment ◽  
Packed Cell Volume ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Diatomaceous Earth ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
To Receive

Abstract Anthelmintic resistance urges alternatives to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN). Copper oxide wire particles (COWP) are more efficacious when used with dewormers and little is known on efficacy of diatomaceous earth (DE) to control GIN. The objective was to examine the effects of DE and COWP on GIN control. Katahdin lambs (n = 32; ~150 d of age; 25.0 ± 1.8 kg) were randomly assigned to receive: 1) 2% dietary DE, 2) 1g COWP, 3) both 2% DE and 1g COWP, and 4) neither DE or COWP. Feces and blood were collected on d 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 to determine fecal egg counts (FEC) and blood packed cell volume (PCV). Feces were cultured to determine GIN genera. FEC were log transformed; data were analyzed as a 2 x 2 factorial using proc mixed with day as repeated (SAS). There was a mixed GIN population including 58% Haemonchus contortus and 30% Trichostrongylus spp. FEC tended to be lower by d 28 in DE (175 eggs/g) than no DE (753 eggs/g) fed lambs (P = 0.09), but in general, were relatively low and no other differences among treatments detected. PCV tended to be higher in COWP than no COWP lambs by d 28 (P = 0.10), and no other differences detected. In conclusion, during a low GIN challenge, there may have been a small effect of DE on FEC but no advantage was observed in combination treatment.

scholarly journals Ovine CD14- an Immune Response Gene Has a Role Against Gastrointestinal Nematode Haemonchus contortus—A Novel Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kavita Rawat ◽  
Aruna Pal ◽  
Samiddha Banerjee ◽  
Abantika Pal ◽  
Subhas Chandra Mandal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Infected Sheep ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Immune Response Gene ◽  
Response Gene ◽  
Amino Terminal

CD14 (also known as the monocyte differentiation antigen) is an important immune response gene known to be primarily responsible for innate immunity against bacterial pathogens, and as a pattern recognition receptor (PRR), binds with LPS (endotoxin), lipoproteins, and lipotechoic acid of bacteria. So far very limited work has been conducted in parasitic immunology. In the current study, we reported the role of CD14 in parasitic immunology in livestock species (sheep) for the first time. Ovine CD14 is characterized as a horse-shoe shaped bent solenoid with a hydrophobic amino-terminal pocket for CD14 along with domains. High mutation frequency was observed, out of total 41 mutations identified, 23 mutations were observed to be thermodynamically unstable and 11 mutations were deleterious in nature, causing major functional alteration of important domains of CD14, an indication of variations in individual susceptibility for sheep against Haemonchus contortus infestations. In silico studies with molecular docking reveal a role of immune response against Haemonchus contortus in sheep, which is later confirmed with experimental evidence through differential mRNA expression analysis for sheep, which revealed better expression of CD14 in Haemonchus contortus infected sheep compared to that of non-infected sheep. We confirmed the above findings with supportive evidence through haematological and biochemical analyses. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted to assess the evolutionary relationship with respect to humans and it was observed that sheep may well be used as model organisms due to better genetic closeness compared to that of mice.

Effect of Jatropha curcas Latex on L3 Haemonchus contortus Larval Motility

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noorzaid Muhamad ◽  
Syahirah Sazeli ◽  
Resni Mona ◽  
Jannathul Firdous
Keyword(s):  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Plants Extract

The anthelmintic resistance has limited the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants and thus has awakened interest in the study of plants extract as a source of anthelmintics. These experiments were carried out to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of Jatrophacurcas latex extract against Haemonchuscontortus larval motility. To evaluate the larvicidal activity, H.contortus L3 were incubated with the extracts with varying concentration of 5 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL at 27°C for 48, 72 and 96 hrs. The results were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis test (P less than 0.05). The extracts showed dose-dependent larvicidal effects. These results suggest that J.curcas can be used to control gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants.

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