Situational relevance: Context as a factor in serial overshadowing of taste aversion learning

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy WS Kwok ◽  
Robert A Boakes
Keyword(s):  
Taste Aversion ◽  
Conditioning Session ◽  
Latent Inhibition Effect ◽  
Taste Aversion Learning ◽  
Inhibition Effect ◽  
The Us ◽  
Consistent Group ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
The One ◽  
Serial Overshadowing

In a serial overshadowing procedure, a target stimulus, A, is followed after an interval by a potentially interfering stimulus, B, and this is then followed by an unconditioned stimulus (US). An untested proposal from over four decades ago was that the degree to which B overshadows conditioning of A depends on whether or not the two events take place in the same context. To test this, two experiments used a 1-trial long-delay conditioned taste aversion (CTA) procedure: sucrose served as the target taste (A) and dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) as the overshadowing taste (B), with lithium chloride injection providing the US. In Experiment 1, these tastes were novel: weaker overshadowing by HCl of an aversion to sucrose was found when the two tastes were presented in different contexts. Experiment 2 tested whether the effect of pre-exposure to HCl, thereby rendering it less effective in overshadowing a sucrose aversion, was also context dependent. In the conditioning session, rats again received either context-same or context-different presentations of sucrose and HCl. However, for some rats, HCl was pre-exposed in the same context to which it was later presented during conditioning (Consistent), while others were pre-exposed to HCl in a different context to the one in which it was presented during conditioning (Inconsistent). The Inconsistent group produced greater overshadowing than the Consistent group and thus confirmed that the latent inhibition effect was also context dependent. This study confirms the concept of situational relevance.

scholarly journals Taste Aversion Learning Despite Long Delays: How Best Explained?

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy W. S. Kwok ◽  
Robert A. Boakes
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Acid Solution ◽  
Taste Aversion ◽  
Conditioning Session ◽  
Delay Period ◽  
Aversion Learning ◽  
Wagner Model ◽  
Taste Aversion Learning ◽  
General Method ◽  
Subsequent Onset

Taste aversion learning (aka conditioned taste aversions or CTA) can occur even when there is delay of some hours between experience of the taste and the subsequent onset of illness. This property of CTA is quite distinct from other forms of associative learning, where typically no association between two events is acquired if they are separated by more than a minute. This paper provides an overview of a series of recent experiments based on the assumption that long-delay CTA is possible only when no potentially overshadowing – or ‘concurrently interfering’ (Revusky, 1971) – events occur during the delay. The general method is one in which in a single conditioning session the rats are first given 8% sucrose, providing the sweet target taste, and 65 min later are injected with lithium chloride. What vary across experiments are the potentially interfering events occurring during the 65-min delay period. When the interfering event is a second, and quite different, taste, namely sour-tasting hydrochloric acid solution (HCl), this produces 1-trial overshadowing of the sucrose aversion, to a degree that is greater when HCl is given late in the delay period, greater when HCl is given in the same context as sucrose and greater when HCl has not been pre-exposed. Other intervening events can also overshadow sucrose aversion learning. These include placement into a novel context, as long as this occurs immediately before injection, and even stimuli that evoke memories of food-related experiences. These results can be accounted for by adding to the Rescorla-Wagner model (Rescorla & Wagner, 1972) the assumption that sickness is comprised of a succession of mini-bouts and the assumption that context-event associations (Wagner, 1981) are important in long-delay CTA.

scholarly journals Serial overshadowing of taste aversion learning by stimuli preceding the target taste

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy W. S. Kwok ◽  
Evan J. Livesey ◽  
Robert A. Boakes
Keyword(s):  
Taste Aversion ◽  
Aversion Learning ◽  
Taste Aversion Learning ◽  
Serial Overshadowing

Context-dependent latent inhibition in taste aversion learning

1986 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
TREVOR ARCHER ◽  
ABDUL K. MOHAMMED ◽  
TORBJÖRN U. C. JÄRBE
Keyword(s):  
Taste Aversion ◽  
Latent Inhibition ◽  
Aversion Learning ◽  
Taste Aversion Learning ◽  
Context Dependent

scholarly journals Taste Aversion after Ingestion of Lithium Chloride: An Associative Analysis

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (4b) ◽  
pp. 365-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Loy ◽  
Geoffrey Hall
Keyword(s):  
Taste Aversion ◽  
Latent Inhibition ◽  
Lithium Chloride ◽  
Sensory Preconditioning ◽  
Latent Inhibition Effect ◽  
Predatory Behaviour ◽  
Inhibition Effect ◽  
Effect Experiment ◽  
Associative Analysis

In five experiments with rats we examined the aversion established by consumption of a solution of lithium chloride (LiCl). Experiment 1 showed that consumption of LiCl established an aversion to saline (NaCl). Experiment 2 showed that the size of the aversion was reduced in rats given pre-exposure to saline (a latent inhibition effect). Experiment 3 showed that experience of a sucrose-saline compound prior to consumption of LiCl generated an aversion to sucrose (a sensory preconditioning effect). Experiments 4 and 5 examined the effects produced by consumption of a sucrose-LiCl compound and demonstrated reciprocal overshadowing between the two tastes. These results confirm that consumption of LiCl establishes an aversion to the taste of this substance. Their implications for the use of orally consumed LiCl as a technique for the control of predatory behaviour are discussed.

Postconditioning recovery from the latent inhibition effect in conditioned taste aversion

1991 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1269-1272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Bakner ◽  
Kay Strohen ◽  
Nordeen Marvin ◽  
David C. Riccio
Keyword(s):  
Taste Aversion ◽  
Latent Inhibition ◽  
Conditioned Taste Aversion ◽  
Latent Inhibition Effect ◽  
Inhibition Effect

The Dilemma between Aligned Expectations and Diversity in Innovation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timur Ergen
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Historical Case ◽  
History Of Capitalism ◽  
Synthetic Fuel ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Technology Policies ◽  
Lock In ◽  
Innovation Processes

This chapter brings together arguments from economics, sociology, and political economy to show that innovation processes are characterized by a dilemma between the advantages of aligned expectations—including greater coordination and investment—and those of diversity, including superior openness to new technological possibilities. To illustrate the argument, the chapter discusses a historical case involving one of the largest coordinated peace-time attempts to hasten technological innovation in the history of capitalism, namely the US energy technology policies of the 1970s and 1980s. Close examination of the commercialization of photovoltaics and synthetic fuel initiatives illustrates both sides of the dilemma between shared versus diverse expectations in innovation: coordination but possible premature lock-in on the one hand, and openness but possible stagnation on the other. The chapter shows that even the exploration and interpretation of new technologies may be as much a product of focused investment as of trial-and-error search.

The effects of US–China competing strategies in Asia-Pacific on India and Pakistan rivalry in the South Asian region

2021 ◽  
pp. 205789112110211
Author(s):  
Zafar Khan
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
The South ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
The Us ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Modernization Process ◽  
The One

This article primarily focuses on how the increasing US–China competing strategies in Asia-Pacific affect the policies of South Asian rivals India and Pakistan when, on the one hand, the US as part of its offshore balancing grand strategy has been increasing its strategic partnership with India through the transfer of emerging technologies in terms of military modernization process, and on the other hand, China and Pakistan have improved their geo-economic and geostrategic partnership as part of the Chinese grand strategy via the Belt and Road Initiative while enabling Pakistan to produce effective countermeasures against its potential adversary. The article presumes that, in doing so, such competing strategies frame a quadrangle setting comprising of US and India to deter and contain China on the one hand and China and Pakistan to produce countermeasures and try to create a balance to potentially prevent the risk of conflict in South Asia out of such competing strategies at the quadrangle order conceived here. However, in fact, neither the US nor rising China would desire such a possibility of conflict otherwise unintendedly occurring from the intense US–China competing strategies while affecting the policies of the South Asian rivals. The article concludes that the shaping of this quadrangle framework may bring both opportunities and challenges for the South Asian rivals. It also concludes that the more intense the competition between the US and China becomes, the more intense its implications could be on the South Asian rivals, while the reduced tension between China and the US, although unlikely, would have reduced pressure on India and Pakistan relations as well.

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