scholarly journals The Connection Between Social Inequality And Intergenerational Transfers Between Three Generations In Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 795-795
Author(s):  
Christian Deindl
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Intergenerational Transfers ◽  
Entire Family ◽  
Financial Transfers ◽  
Older Parents ◽  
Multiple Generations ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Family members support each other across the entire family cycle. Parents help their adult children with financial transfers and hands-on-support and childcare, while children in mid-life often support their older parents with help and care. However, there is profound social inequalities linked to intergenerational transfers. While there is some research on inequality for some types of intergenerational transfers and some transfer directions, there is still no conclusive study bringing together all different support types between multiple generations from different social backgrounds over time. In our view, taking a longitudinal multi-generational perspective is essential to capture dependencies and negotiations within families from different socio-economic backgrounds within different regional contexts. If middle-aged parents have to take care of their own older parents, they have fewer resources for their(grand-)children, who might then receive less attention and support from them. This may differ according to access to support from public or private institutions. Here, country and regional specifics have a huge impact on support patterns within the family, which can only be captured when looking into developments and change. Using six waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), we look at intergenerational transfers between multiple generations over time across European regions, considering mid-aged Europeans in the “sandwich” position between older parents and children and include multiple transfer directions and types over time to assess the links between social inequality and intergenerational solidarity in Europe’s ageing societies. The impact of Covid 19 on this issue will also be considered.

Wzbogacona rzeczywistość a nierówności społeczne

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-93
Author(s):  
Piotr Nieradka ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Digital Divide ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Augmented Reality Technology ◽  
Digital Gap ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

This paper focuses on the technology of extended reality, whereby the aim is to draw attention to selected issues related to technology and solutions in the extended reality area in the context of social inequalities. The first part of the article discusses the essence of extended reality technology, paying attention to its place in the modern economy, along with a description of such solutions. The remainder of the study focuses on the issue of social inequality, with particular emphasis on the impact of extended reality on the problem of the digital gap and digital divide. The article presents the results of original research undertaken on a group of 88 respondents with both CAWI and equipment supporting augmented reality technology, of which 39.36% declared testing with this type of equipment in the past. The article also presents the results of original research with the use of XR equipment. XR-related solutions are currently still perceived as luxury goods, despite both the increasing availability for users and undoubtedly unique advantages. These include realism of generated experiences and the phenomenon of immersion in the synthetic world. The analysis of the role of such solutions in the context of social inequality provides a conclusion about their dichotomous nature. On the one hand, by popularizing the XR technology, the possibility of overcoming barriers and inequalities resulting from individual characteristics or social position is created, which leads to the improvement in the life situations of some people who have been struggling with exclusion so far. On the other hand, it provides the conclusion that such advanced technology entering everyday life has the potential to create another digital divide, which in the long term will result in increasing digital disproportions and exclusion.

Social Inequalities

2019 ◽  
pp. 646-652
Author(s):  
Raj Kollmorgen
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Relative Deprivation ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact

Social inequality means the existence of social status groups and, therefore, a normatively embedded structure of social stratification. This chapter deals with social inequalities and their dynamics as conditional and causal factors and as results of processes of radical change. Concerning the first aspect, the chapter discusses social class inequalities and dynamics of (absolute) impoverishment, relative deprivation, and rising expectations among certain social groups that may determine ‘transformative’ pressure or even revolutionary situations. Regarding the impact of social transformations on social inequalities, the chapter suggests that the more radical and complex the social transformations, the greater are their effects on social structures and regimes of social inequality. This thesis is underpinned by providing empirical findings on social mobility and income inequality in different historical waves and (sub-)types of transformation. Finally, the chapter identifies seven crucial bundles of factors determining the extent of income inequality as an outcome of current societal transformations and their characteristics.

THE IMPACT OF LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF OLDER PEOPLE ON INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFERS FROM THEIR ADULT CHILDREN IN CHINA

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
QINGYUAN XUE ◽  
NOPPHOL WITVORAPONG
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Informal Care ◽  
Adult Children ◽  
Emotional Support ◽  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Intergenerational Transfers ◽  
Older Parents ◽  
Monetary Transfers ◽  
Social Security Reforms ◽  
The Impact

Based on three waves of the nationally representative survey conducted in 2005, 2008-2009, and 2011-2012, this study investigates the effect of living arrangements on intergenerational transfers in China. Outcomes of interest include monetary transfers, contact, informal care, and emotional support that adult children provide to older parents. Both actual living arrangements and the discrepancy between actual and preferred living arrangements are considered. Endogeneity bias is accounted for through fixed-effects instrumental-variable regression modeling. It is found that co-residence serves as a substitute for monetary transfers and is positively associated with the probability that parents would receive contact, informal care and emotional support from adult children. Living alone with children in the same city is positively associated with the receipt of monetary transfers and contact by older parents but is not statistically related to the other two outcomes. There is an expressed desire for independent living among older people, which impacts transfer behaviors in a complex manner. This study provides a better understanding of the role of the family amidst ongoing social security reforms in China.

Assessing the impact of conversational overlap in content on child language growth

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELIZABETH S. CHE ◽  
PATRICIA J. BROOKS ◽  
MARIA F. ALARCON ◽  
FRANCIS D. YANNACO ◽  
SEAMUS DONNELLY
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
New England ◽  
Child Language ◽  
Language Outcomes ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Language Growth ◽  
Mean Length Of Utterance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

AbstractWhen engaged in conversation, both parents and children tend to re-use words that their partner has just said. This study explored whether proportions of maternal and/or child utterances that overlapped in content with what their partner had just said contributed to growth in mean length of utterance (MLU), developmental sentence score, and vocabulary diversity over time. We analyzed the New England longitudinal corpus from the CHILDES database, comprising transcripts of mother–child conversations at 14, 20, and 32 months, using the CHIP command to compute proportions of utterances with overlapping content. Rates of maternal overlap, but not child overlap, at earlier time-points predicted child language outcomes at later time-points, after controlling for earlier child MLU. We suggest that maternal overlap plays a formative role in child language development by providing content that is immediately relevant to what the child has in mind.

scholarly journals The Social Inequality Portrayed on Bong Joon Ho’s Parasite Movie

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-334
Author(s):  
Nurmala Dewi ◽  
Amelia Amelia ◽  
Tati Mardewi ◽  
Furi Indriyani
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
The Social ◽  
Work Education ◽  
The Impact

This study aims to analyze the social inequality portrayed in the Parasit movie directed by Bong Joon Ho. For research method, a qualitative approach is chosen to be applied which is content analysis as research design. In collecting the data, the writers use the Parasite movie as an object of the research, and search a lot of references from the internet and libraries to support the theories as baselines of analysis. Parasite movie depicts the two families’ lives, Park's family and Kim's family, where the social conditions and the daily lifestyles are very contrastive; the first family is rich and wealth and the later one is poor and deprivation. These social inequalities reflect a social phenomenon in the real world which becomes the motives for fraudulent and greedy character and gradually leads to criminal actions. The gaps between both families are demonstrated in some aspects, such as economy and work, education, house, food, and fashion. And the disparities shown by those elements indicate where the social class they belong and what the impact to their life.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Multigenerational Caregiving Across the Life Course in Europe

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Patterson ◽  
Rachel Margolis
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Financial Transfers ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
The Impact

To better understand how caregiving varies across contexts and the impact of caregiving on social and economic outcomes, we need to understand how it varies across the entire adult life course and how sensitive caregiving estimates are to the inclusion of different directions and types of care. This is the first study to comprehensively describe multigenerational caregiving patterns by gender and age across European countries. We use the Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) Wave 1 (N=114,147) to consider multiple definitions of multigenerational caregiving. In addition to personal care and financial transfers, we also include emotional transfers which are rarely examined. We also examine multigenerational care that includes simultaneous care for any two generations rather than just to parents and children which is most often studied. Across our sample of 11 European countries, we find that women are significantly more likely to give care than men across the life course, and these gender gaps are especially large during critical periods like young adulthood and mid-life around retirement ages. Including emotional caregiving as well as horizontal care (to a spouse, sibling, or friend) are both substantively important in shaping the life course pattern of caregiving and the size of the gender gap. The gender gap in the life course pattern of caregiving have implications for aging, intergenerational inequality, and human capital accumulation across the life course.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Viral Logics, Social Inequality and Hegemonic Mimicry: Deconstructing the Language of Cultural Parasite

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-284
Author(s):  
Wisam Kh. Abdul-Jabbar
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
New Order ◽  
Cultural Hegemony ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Michel Serres ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Structural Inequalities

Abstract Drawing on Michel Serres’ philosophical notion of the parasite, this essay examines human responses to COVID-19 that mimic parasitic behavior and uncovers social inequalities by exploring the cultural hegemony of viral logics perpetuated by the media. How can Serres’ notion of the parasite help us reconfigure structural inequalities experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic? First, the essay examines the viral logic of internalization, which seeks to normalize, if not appropriate, the impact of the pandemic through the rhetoric of togetherness. This particular viral logic induces people to internalize the coronavirus pandemic’s illusion as a crisis shared equally by all. The essay argues that this viral logic of internationalization resonates with the French philosopher’s parasite logic, which, in Serres’s words, “expresses a new epistemology, another theory of equilibrium.” Second, this study examines the viral logic of correlation, which designates certain marginalized cultural groups as infected, and therefore regarded and (mis)treated like the virus itself. This blame-game behavior mimics the parasite’s violation of the host’s chain of order and the creation of a new order that is self-serving. Hence, the parasite becomes, according to Serres, “an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of information.” The essay argues that although mimicry becomes the theatre of cultural inequality that dominates communication for the parasitic operator, both viral logics of parasitic mimicry eventually slip into mockery.

scholarly journals Fathers’ Uptake of Parental Leave: Forerunners and Laggards in Sweden, 1993–2010

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
LI MA ◽  
GUNNAR ANDERSSON ◽  
ANN-ZOFIE DUVANDER ◽  
MARIE EVERTSSON
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Family Change ◽  
Labour Market Situation ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

AbstractSweden is often considered a forerunner in family change and developments towards less gendered family production patterns. In this study, we focus on recent developments towards more gender-equal sharing of parental leave in Sweden. We explore how fathers’ use of parental leave has changed over time before and since the turn of the century. As the parental leave benefit is individual and earnings-based, we examine how fathers’ individual socio-economic and demographic characteristics are associated with their parental leave uptake over time, to determine whether there are forerunners and laggards in recent family change. Multinomial logistic regression models were applied to data from national registers. Our study demonstrates a bifurcation in trends in recent decades. This is associated with the extension of reforms that reserve part of the leave for fathers, the so-called “daddy months”, but stretches beyond the impact of any such reforms. Taking a long leave of over two months was pioneered by better-educated residents of metropolitan areas and surrounding suburbs, as well as Swedish-born fathers. Young fathers, low-income earners and foreign-born fathers lagged behind in these developments. We regard the unstable labour market situation of the latter as a contributing factor in widening social inequalities in family-related behaviour.

scholarly journals Meritocracy a myth? A multilevel perspective of how social inequality accumulates through work

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 240-269
Author(s):  
Hans van Dijk ◽  
Dorien Kooij ◽  
Maria Karanika-Murray ◽  
Ans De Vos ◽  
Bertolt Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Conventional View ◽  
The Social ◽  
Multilevel Perspective ◽  
Dyadic Network ◽  
Unequal Opportunities ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Over Time

Work plays a crucial role in rising social inequalities, which refer to unequal opportunities and rewards for different social groups. Whereas the conventional view of workplaces as meritocracies suggests that work is a conduit for social equality, we unveil the ways in which workplaces contribute to the accumulation of social inequality. In our cumulative social inequality in workplaces (CSI-W) model, we outline how initial differences in opportunities and rewards shape performance and/or subsequent opportunities and rewards, such that those who receive more initial opportunities and rewards tend to receive even more over time. These cumulative social inequality dynamics take place via nine different mechanisms spanning four different levels (individual, dyadic, network, and organizational). The CSI-W indicates that the mechanisms interact, such that the social inequality dynamics in workplaces tend to (a) exacerbate social inequalities over time, (b) legitimate social inequalities over time, and (c) manifest themselves through everyday occurrences and behaviors.

scholarly journals Intergenerational financial transfers and physical health of old people in rural China: evidence from CHARLS data

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangyan Chen ◽  
Wei Si ◽  
Lingling Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Physical Health ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Threshold Model ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Intergenerational Transfers ◽  
Fixed Effect Model ◽  
Financial Transfers ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT: With the reduction of intergenerational temporal transfers, financial transfers from adult offspring to their elderly parents are prevailing in rural China. Although much has been done, little is known about the association between the expansion of intergenerational transfers and rural old people’s physical health in China. The purpose of this paper was to examine the effect of intergenerational financial transfers on the elders’ physical health in rural China. Using data collected from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), panel data fixed effect model and threshold model are employed to estimate the impact of intergenerational financial transfers on the old people’s physical health in rural areas. Results showed that; although, the intergenerational financial transfers have a positive effect on the old people’s physical health, no linear relationship exists between them. Intergenerational financial transfers are clearly less effective for low-income old people’s physical health than those of middle-income, while the effect on high-income old people’s health is the most insignificant. Studies concerning the effect of intergenerational financial transfers on the elders’ health in developing countries remain limited. Findings of this paper provided great insights into how intergenerational transfers, such as intergenerational financial transfers, may affect the well-beings of old residents in rural areas. Additionally, this study can offer inspiration to policy makers regarding what measures they should take to enhance rural old residents’ well-beings.

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