122 Bioactive Peptides for Enhancing Intestine Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 65-65
Author(s):  
Julang Li ◽  
Nadeem Akhtar ◽  
Celina Osakowicz ◽  
Lauren Fletcher ◽  
Karmin O ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Development ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Animal Trials

Abstract Intestinal disorders and colitis affect both animals and humans. The pathogenesis behind the inflammation is complex and not entirely understood. Furthermore, the significant rise in antibiotic-resistant bacteria has emphasized an urgent need for alternative anti-infective therapies. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) is one of the appealing alternative to antibiotics due to their antimicrobial activity, mode of actions, and potential role in tissue repair. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) plays an important role in intestinal proliferation and differentiation and thus promotes intestinal development. Using food grade microorganisms such as Lactococcus lactis and yeast as hosts, our laboratory has produced recombinant porcine protegrin-1 (PG-1), a pig originated antimicrobial peptide and EGF via fermentation. Oral administration of PG-1 reduced Citrobacter rodentium induced intestinal infection in mice. This was evidenced by reduced histopathological changes in the colon, prevention of body weight loss, milder clinical signs of disease, and ultimately more effective clearance of bacterial infection. On the other hand, animal trials using the recombinant EGF demonstrated that it enhances intestinal development and growth of early weaned pig fed with antibiotic-free diet. Moreover, piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherchia coli (E. coli) K88 showed similar beneficial responses to EGF as those fed diets with antibiotic in terms of improving gain to feed ratio and lowering oxidative stress. Taken together, our findings suggest the potential for cost-effective production and application of recombinant bioactive proteins as alternatives to antibiotics in animal health and production.

scholarly journals Genome Characterization of the Novel Lytic Genome Sequence of Phage YUEEL01 of the Myoviridae Family

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurusamy Raman ◽  
Ayyaru Sivasankaran ◽  
SeonJoo Park ◽  
Young-Ho Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Gc Content ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Urban Hospital ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant

Abstract Antimicrobial resistance is a global concern due to its rapid emergence in the environment and the associated high risk to human and animal health. Municipal wastewater, including urban, hospital, and pharmaceutical effluent, is the main source of antibiotic and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) contamination, and biological processes are commonly used for wastewater treatment. Biologically based strategies seem to be a promising approach to effective integrated ARB control since they can focus on the bases of antibiotic resistance. To develop an effective bacteriophage against multi-drug resistance (MDR) microbes in municipal wastewater, phage YUEEL01 was isolated from a livestock farm, and its genome sequenced. Phenotypic characterization suggested that the phage is a member of the Myoviridae family, and that it encodes 168,266 bp with an overall GC content of 35.4% had 259 putative protein-coding genes, 11 tRNA and six hypothetical genes. A number of putative DNA replication and regulation, DNA packing and structure and host lysis genes were identified. Further, whole genome phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that phage YUEEL01 is closely related to phage slur03. Elucidation of the YUEEL01 phage might be helpful when developing antibacterial tools for controlling MDR bacteria in wastewater treatment systems.

scholarly journals Protective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Protegrin-1 on Citrobacter rodentium Intestinal Infection in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (17) ◽  
pp. 9494
Author(s):  
Celina Osakowicz ◽  
Lauren Fletcher ◽  
Jeff L. Caswell ◽  
Julang Li
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Citrobacter Rodentium ◽  
Intestinal Infection ◽  
Infectious Colitis

Infectious intestinal colitis, manifesting as intestinal inflammation, diarrhea, and epithelial barrier disruption, affects millions of humans worldwide and, without effective treatment, can result in death. In addition to this, the significant rise in antibiotic-resistant bacteria poses an urgent need for alternative anti-infection therapies for the treatment of intestinal disorders. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are potential therapies that have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity due to their (1) unique mode of action, (2) broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, and (3) protective role in GI tract maintenance. Protegrin-1 (PG-1) is an AMP of pig origin that was previously shown to reduce the pathological effects of chemically induced digestive tract inflammation (colitis) and to modulate immune responses and tissue repair. This study aimed to extend these findings by investigating the protective effects of PG-1 on pathogen-induced colitis in an infection study over a 10-day experimental period. The oral administration of PG-1 reduced Citrobacter rodentium intestinal infection in mice as evidenced by reduced histopathologic change in the colon, prevention of body weight loss, milder clinical signs of disease, and more effective clearance of bacterial infection relative to challenged phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated mice. Additionally, PG-1 treatment altered the expression of various inflammatory mediators during infection, which may act to resolve inflammation and re-establish intestinal homeostasis. PG-1 administered in its mature form was more effective relative to the pro-form (ProPG-1). To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the protective effects of PG-1 on infectious colitis.

scholarly journals Use of bacterial vaccines in the livestock industries

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Youssef Abs EL-Osta ◽  
Rima Youil
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Prophylactic Use ◽  
Continuous Use

The prophylactic use of antibiotics in animal feed has been a long-held practice in intensive livestock production for maintaining animal health by controlling disease and promoting growth enhancement. However, the continuous use of antibiotics has evoked strong concerns over emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. There has been a concerted effort over the years by US, EU and Australian legislative authorities to reduce or eliminate prophylactic use of antibiotics in animal feed. In principle, these efforts are commendable; however, an alternative and effective method to managing disease must be available to ensure the health and welfare of livestock. There will likely be a greater reliance on vaccination programs to protect livestock from various infectious diseases. With respect to bacterial diseases, bacteria themselves form the core of vaccine development. In this article, an overview of bacterial vaccine technologies available to the livestock industries will be presented.

scholarly journals Twenty-year trends in antimicrobial resistance from aquaculture and fisheries in Asia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Schar ◽  
Cheng Zhao ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
D. G. Joakim Larsson ◽  
Marius Gilbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
China And India ◽  
Aquatic Food ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing threat to human and animal health. However, in aquatic animals—the fastest growing food animal sector globally—AMR trends are seldom documented, particularly in Asia, which contributes two-thirds of global food fish production. Here, we present a systematic review and meta-analysis of 749 point prevalence surveys reporting antibiotic-resistant bacteria from aquatic food animals in Asia, extracted from 343 articles published in 2000–2019. We find concerning levels of resistance to medically important antimicrobials in foodborne pathogens. In aquaculture, the percentage of antimicrobial compounds per survey with resistance exceeding 50% (P50) plateaued at 33% [95% confidence interval (CI) 28 to 37%] between 2000 and 2018. In fisheries, P50 decreased from 52% [95% CI 39 to 65%] to 22% [95% CI 14 to 30%]. We map AMR at 10-kilometer resolution, finding resistance hotspots along Asia’s major river systems and coastal waters of China and India. Regions benefitting most from future surveillance efforts are eastern China and India. Scaling up surveillance to strengthen epidemiological evidence on AMR and inform aquaculture and fisheries interventions is needed to mitigate the impact of AMR globally.

scholarly journals Transmission Routes of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noortje G. Godijk ◽  
Martin C.J. Bootsma ◽  
Marc J.M. Bonten
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Reproduction Numbers ◽  
Study Heterogeneity

Abstract BackgroundQuantification of acquisition routes of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) is pivotal for understanding transmission dynamics and designing cost-effective interventions. Different methods have been used to quantify the importance of transmission routes, such as relative risks, odds ratios (OR), genomic comparisons and basic reproduction numbers. We systematically reviewed reported estimates on acquisition routes’ contributions of ARB in humans, animals, water and the environment and assessed the methods used to quantify the importance of transmission routes.MethodsPubMed and EMBASE were searched, resulting in 6054 articles published up until January 1st, 2019. Full text screening was performed on 525 articles and 277 are included.ResultsWe extracted 718 estimates with S. aureus (n=273), E. coli (n=157) and Enterobacteriaceae (n=99) being studied most frequently. Most estimates were derived from statistical methods (n=560), mainly expressed as risks (n=246) and ORs (n=239), followed by genetic comparisons (n=85), modelling (n=62) and dosage of ARB ingested (n=17). Transmission routes analysed most frequently were occupational exposure (n=157), travelling (n=110) and contacts with carriers (n=83). Studies were mostly performed in the United States (n=142), the Netherlands (n=87) and Germany (n=60). Comparison of methods was not possible as studies using different methods to estimate the same route were lacking. Due to study heterogeneity not all estimates by the same method could be pooled.ConclusionDespite an abundance of published data the relative importance of transmission routes of ARB has not been accurately quantified. Links between exposure and acquisition are often present, but the frequency of exposure is missing, which disables estimation of transmission routes’ importance. To create effective policies reducing ARB, estimates of transmission should be weighed by the frequency of exposure occurrence.

scholarly journals Detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes from houseflies

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharmin Akter ◽  
Abdullah Al Momen Sabuj ◽  
Zobayda Farzana Haque ◽  
Md. Tanvir Rahman ◽  
Md. Abdul Kafi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant

Background and Aim: Houseflies (Musca domestica) are synanthropic insects which serve as biological or mechanical vectors for spreading multidrug-resistant bacteria responsible for many infectious diseases. This study aimed to detect antibiotic-resistant bacteria from houseflies, and to examine their resistance genes. Materials and Methods: A total of 140 houseflies were captured using sterile nylon net from seven places of Mymensingh city, Bangladesh. Immediately after collection, flies were transferred to a sterile zipper bag and brought to microbiology laboratory within 1 h. Three bacterial species were isolated from houseflies, based on cultural and molecular tests. After that, the isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing against commonly used antibiotics, by the disk diffusion method. Finally, the detection of antibiotic resistance genes tetA, tetB, mcr-3, mecA, and mecC was performed by a polymerase chain reaction. Results: The most common isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (78.6%), Salmonella spp., (66.4%), and Escherichia coli (51.4%). These species of bacteria were recovered from 78.3% of isolates from the Mymensingh Medical College Hospital areas. Most of the isolates of the three bacterial species were resistant to erythromycin, tetracycline, penicillin and amoxicillin and were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and azithromycin. Five antibiotic resistance genes of three bacteria were detected: tetA, tetB, mcr-3, and mecA were found in 37%, 20%, 20%, and 14% isolates, respectively, and no isolates were positive for mecC gene. Conclusion: S. aureus, Salmonella spp., and E. coli with genetically-mediated multiple antibiotic resistance are carried in houseflies in the Mymensingh region. Flies may, therefore, represent an important means of transmission of these antibiotic-resistant bacteria, with consequent risks to human and animal health.

The Importance of Nanomedicine in Prophylactic and Theranostic Intervention of Bacterial Zoonoses and Reverse Zoonoses in the Era of Microbial Resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 3404-3452
Author(s):  
Minakshi Prasad ◽  
Mayukh Ghosh ◽  
Rajesh Kumar ◽  
Basanti Brar ◽  
K. P. Surjith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibacterial Drug ◽  
Microbial Resistance ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Health Concept

Emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR), extensively drug resistance (XDR) and pandrug resistance (PDR) strains of bacteria in communicable diseases of zoonotic and reverse zoonotic importance is the major hurdle of one health concept. Increasing level of resistance against antibiotics among bacterial population throughout the world, slow pace of new antibacterial drug discovery and enhanced pace of resistance development by pathogenic bacteria possess major challenges for human and animal health as well as life in future. Alternative management strategy in terms of improved prophylactic vaccine; early, easy and effective diagnostics and therapeutic drugs against those resistant bacteria is the need of the hour. In this context nanomedicine can fit into the multifaceted demands as an effective prophylactic and theranostic alternative to control the communicable diseases in a cost effective manner in the era of microbial resistance. The current review is focused towards delineating the application of nanomaterials as vaccine or drug delivery system, diagnostics and directly acting antimicrobial therapeutic agents in combating the important zoonotic and reverse zoonotic bacterial diseases in recent scenario along with their potential benefits, limitations and future prospects to formulate successful eradication strategies.

scholarly journals The meiofauna as neglected carriers of antibiotic resistant and pathogenic bacteria in freshwater ecosystems

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Belen Sathicq ◽  
Tomasa Sbaffi ◽  
Giulia Borgomaneiro ◽  
Andrea Di Cesare ◽  
Raffaella Sabatino
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
World Health ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

The World Health Organization considers antibiotic resistance as one of the main threats to human and other animals' health. Despite the measures used to limit the spread of antibiotic resistance, the efforts made are not enough to tackle this problem. Thus, it has become important to understand how bacteria acquire and transmit antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs), in particular in the environment, given the close connection between the latter and human and animal health, as defined by the One-Health concept. Aquatic ecosystems are often strongly impacted by anthropogenic activities, making them a source for ARGs and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB). Although freshwater meiofauna have been the object of active research, few studies have focused on the relationship between the spread of antibiotic resistance and these organisms. In this review, we investigated freshwater meiofauna as carriers of resistances since they play a central role in the aquatic environments and can harbor human and animal potential pathogens. We assessed if these animals could contribute to the spread of ARGs and of potentially pathogenic bacteria. Only four taxa (Rotifera, Chironomidae, Cladocera, Copepoda) were found to be the subject of studies focused on antibiotic resistance. The studies we analyzed, although with some limitations, demonstrated that ARGs and ARB can be found in these animals, and several of them showed the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria for humans and animals within their microbiome. Thus, meiofauna can be considered a source and a reservoir, even if neglected, of ARGs and ARB for the freshwater environments. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of the meiofauna on the spread and persistence of antibiotic resistance in these ecosystems.

From zero to zero in 100 years: gonococcal antimicrobial resistance

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica M Lahra ◽  
Jo-Anne R Dillon ◽  
CR Robert George ◽  
David A Lewis ◽  
Teodora E Wi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Health Agenda

The threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria has been escalated to a rightful seat on the global health agenda. In September 2016, for only the fourth time in United Nations (UN) history, the UN General Assembly in New York will meet to focus on a health threat – antimicrobial resistance. Other diseases afforded this level of consultation at the UN were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), non-communicable diseases and Ebola virus. There are grim predictions for the future in terms of AMR and health security that span income settings. These predictions challenge the premise that minor bacterial infections of childhood are innocuous, and threaten to halt the medical advancements dependant on antibiotic therapy. Those with compromised immune systems, whether endogenous or induced, will be at highest risk. The development and spread of AMR has been, and will continue to be, fanned by the relentless selection pressure of exposure to antibiotics whether used appropriately, unnecessarily or suboptimally, in human health, animal health and agriculture. The distribution of antibiotic resistant bacteria is facilitated by travel and transport. Antimicrobial resistance will affect those in the community and the hospital.

scholarly journals Computer Vision Applied to Detect Lethargy through Animal Motion Monitoring: A Trial on African Swine Fever in Wild Boar

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Fernández-Carrión ◽  
Jose Ángel Barasona ◽  
Ángel Sánchez ◽  
Cristina Jurado ◽  
Estefanía Cadenas-Fernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Experimental Trials

Early detection of infectious diseases is the most cost-effective strategy in disease surveillance for reducing the risk of outbreaks. Latest deep learning and computer vision improvements are powerful tools that potentially open up a new field of research in epidemiology and disease control. These techniques were used here to develop an algorithm aimed to track and compute animal motion in real time. This algorithm was used in experimental trials in order to assess African swine fever (ASF) infection course in Eurasian wild boar. Overall, the outcomes showed negative correlation between motion reduction and fever caused by ASF infection. In addition, infected animals computed significant lower movements compared to uninfected animals. The obtained results suggest that a motion monitoring system based on artificial vision may be used in indoors to trigger suspicions of fever. It would help farmers and animal health services to detect early clinical signs compatible with infectious diseases. This technology shows a promising non-intrusive, economic and real time solution in the livestock industry with especial interest in ASF, considering the current concern in the world pig industry.

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