300 Effects of Associating Feed Additives on Rumen Ph Dynamics by Feedlot Cattle Fed a High-concentrate Diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 163-164
Author(s):  
Maria B Niehues ◽  
Alexandre Perdigão ◽  
Victor Valério de Carvalho ◽  
Tiago S Acedo ◽  
Guilherme S F M Vasconcellos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Total Period ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Randomized Design

Abstract Our objective was to evaluate the effects of feed additives on ruminal pH of finishing cattle fed a 90%-concentrate diet. Twenty four 18-mo Angus-Nellore crossbred bulls (IBW, 456 ± 6,5 kg) were allocated in a completely randomized design to three treatments with eight replicates each, as follows: 1) Control (MON) - Sodium Monensin (26 mg/kg DM, Rumensin, Elanco Animal Health); 2) Crina® RumistarTM (CR) - a blend of essential oils, 90 mg/kg DM + exogenous α-amylase, 560 mg/kg DM) and 3) CR + HyD® (25-hydroxy-vitamin-D3 at 1 mg/animal/d, CRD, DSM Nutritional Products). The ruminal pH and temperature was monitored individually for 98 days, using a wireless bolus, (SmaXtec Animal Care, Austria). Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS and means comparison evaluated by Tukey test at P< 0.05. During adaptation period (i.e. first 14 days), bulls fed CR and CRD had increased rumen mean pH (6.40 and 6.36 vs. 6.16; P < 0.01) and minimum pH (5.89 and 5.87 vs. 5.57; P < 0.01) than bulls fed MON. In addition, rumen pH from bulls fed CR spent less time below 6.0 than bulls fed MON (256.07 vs. 452.62 min/d; P = 0.05). Regarding the total period, bulls fed MON had lower mean (6.22 vs. 6.51 and 6.42, P < 0.01) and minimum rumen pH (5.60 vs. 5.92 and 5.85, P < 0.01) than bulls fed CR and CRD. Additionally, feeding MON increased time duration of rumen pH (390.79 min/day, P < 0.01) and had a larger area below 6.0 (81.52 min x pH units/day; P < 0.01). Moreover, the addition of monensin increased pH time duration below 5.8 (161.10 vs. 121.13 and 122.56 min/day; P = 0.02) compared with CR and CRD, and increased ruminal temperature (39.60 vs. 39.51 and 39.5 °C; P < 0.01). We conclude that feeding Crina® RumistarTM and Crina® RumistarTM HyD® increased the rumen pH of bulls.

299 Combination of Essential Oils, α-amylase and 25-hydroxy-vitamin-d3 Increases Carcass Production by feedlot Cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 164-164
Author(s):  
Maria B Niehues ◽  
Hugo L Correa ◽  
Victor Valério de Carvalho ◽  
Alexandre Perdigão ◽  
Tiago S Acedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Feedlot Performance ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Randomized Block Design

Abstract Our objective was to evaluate the effects of associating feed additives on feedlot performance of Nellore bulls. One hundred and sixtieth Nellore bulls (iBW, 380± 5.8 kg; age, 18 mo) were allocated in 20 pens (n = 8/pen), in a completely randomized block design, according to the treatments: 1) MON+VM - Sodium Monensin (MON, 25 mg/kg DM, Elanco Animal Health, Indianapolis, IN), + Virginiamycin (VM, 30 mg/kg DM, Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Guarulhos, São Paulo), and 2) CRD - Crina® RumistarTM + HyD® - a blend of essential oils, 90 mg/kg DM + exogenous α-amylase, 560 mg/kg DM + 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D3 at 1 mg/animal/d (DSM Nutritional Products, Basel, Switzerland). The initial BW was utilized as a criterion for block formation. Pens were considered experimental units (10 pens per treatment). Animals were adapted to the diets during 14 days with gradually increasing concentrate level from 70% to 86% of diet DM, and fed for 90 days. Weight assessments were performed at day 0 and 90 after 14h fasting. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS and means were separated using the PDIFF statement, adopting P < 0.05. Feeding CRD increased the DMI (12.13 kg vs. 10.52 kg, P < 0.01), ADG (1.86 vs. 1.63 kg/d, P < 0.01) and final BW (542 vs. 521 kg, P < 0.01) compared to animals fed MON+VM. In addition, feeding CRD increased final HCW in 15 kg (311 vs. 296 kg; P < 0.01), carcass ADG in 0,16 kg/d (1.31 vs. 1.15 kg/d; P < 0.01) and dressing percentage in 0.48 percent points (57.34 vs. 56.86%; P < 0.01) compared to MON+VM. The G:F (0.155, P = 0.53) and biological efficiency (137.9 kg DM/15 kg carcass, P = 0.87) were similar among treatments. Therefore, the inclusion of Crina® RumistarTM +HyD® can be used as a tool to increase carcass gain of feedlot finishing cattle.

53 Relationships Between Fecal Characteristics, Ruminal Ph, Intake and Digestion in Feedlot Cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 153-154
Author(s):  
Chessa Brown ◽  
Kaylie Huizenga ◽  
Joshua C McCann
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Fecal Ph ◽  
Relationship Of

Abstract The objectives were to: 1) determine the relationship of fecal characteristics with ruminal pH, dry matter intake (DMI) and dry matter digestion and 2) determine the ability of fecal characteristics to predict ruminal pH, DMI, and dry matter digestion. Data were collected in two metabolism studies using eighteen ruminally cannulated steers (n = 36). Each study was a completely randomized design evaluating the effect of a direct-fed microbial during an acidosis challenge. Ruminal pH, DMI, total tract DM digestion and fecal characteristics (fecal pH, washed fecal particle size and mucin casts) were measured for 4 d after the acidosis challenge. Rumen pH was not correlated (P ≥ 0.15) with mucin cast score or mean fecal particle size but was negatively associated with fecal pH (r = -0.42; P < 0.01). Total tract DM digestion was correlated (r ≥ 0.53; P ≤ 0.02) to fecal pH and fecal particle sizes between 1180 and 2360 µm. Dry matter intake was correlated (r ≥ 0.41; P < 0.01) to mean fecal particle size and fecal particle sizes between 2360 and 4750 µm. Multiple regressions were performed with the GLMSELECT procedure of SAS 9.4 using stepwise selection. Ruminal pH was best predicted (r2 = 0.20) by fecal pH and fecal particle size between 1400 and 1700 µm. Total tract DM digestion was best predicted (r2 = 0.92) by fecal pH, mucin cast score, and fecal particle size between 3350 and 1700 µm. Dry matter intake was best predicted (r2 = 0.51) by mean fecal particle size, fecal pH and fecal particle size between 1400 and 850 µm. Overall, results indicated fecal pH was correlated to ruminal pH and total tract DM digestion. Fecal characteristics including washed particle size can also predict total tract DM digestion in feedlot cattle.

scholarly journals 54 Substrate and inoculum composition affect in vitro model of ruminal acidosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 151-151
Author(s):  
Natalie Shaw ◽  
Sara Tondini ◽  
Daniel W Shike ◽  
Joshua C McCann
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Vitro Model

Abstract The objective was to create an in vitro model of ruminal acidosis. Ruminal acidosis is a prevalent metabolic disorder in beef feedlot cattle characterized by low rumen pH. Experiment 1 was a 3×3 factorial design testing the interaction between inoculum composition and quantity of substrate. Eighteen flasks containing 150 mL of inoculum were used to evaluate treatments in duplicate. Treatments evaluated inoculum ratios (buffer: rumen fluid) 2:1, 4:1, and 6:1 in combination with substrate levels 5 g, 7.5 g, and 10 g. Manual pH was collected every 4 h for 36 h. Experiment 2 was a completely randomized design with 5 treatments evaluated in triplicate. Treatments consisted of a 4:1 inoculum ratio (150 mL) with the substrate (7.5 g) consisting of 70% corn (PCON), 40% corn (NCON), or increasing inclusions (10, 20, and 30%) of wheat in place of corn (W10, W20, and W30). Flasks were incubated at 39°C for 36 h with continual pH measurement. In exp. 1, 7.5 g of substrate remained between a pH of 5.6 and 5.0 (P ≤ 0.01) for a longer period (880 min) than 10 g of substrate (520 min). In experiment 2, a treatment by time interaction (P ≤ 0.05) was observed for pH with NCON having the greatest pH over 8-36 h and PCON having the lowest pH over 4-8 h. A treatment by time interaction (P = 0.02) was observed for lactate at 20 h with PCON having the greatest and W30 having the lowest concentration. Treatment PCON had the greatest (P < 0.01) acetate and propionate concentration. The W20 treatment remained between a pH of 5.6 and 5.0 (P < 0.01) for a longer period than PCON. Results suggest W20 and PCON may be the most useful in vitro models of ruminal acidosis.

scholarly journals PSVII-14 Performance and health responses of feedlot cattle consuming different feed additives during a 45-day receiving period

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 295-296
Author(s):  
Eduardo Colombo ◽  
Reinaldo F Cooke ◽  
Alice Brandão ◽  
Jacob Wiegand ◽  
Kelsey Schubach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Total Incidence ◽  
To Receive

Abstract This experiment compared performance and health responses of feedlot cattle consuming different feed additives during a 45-d receiving period. Angus-influenced steers (n = 256) were purchased from a commercial auction yard, and road-transported (12 h) to the experimental feedyard on d -1. Upon arrival, body weight (BW) was recorded and steers were ranked by BW into 1 or 18 drylot pens (14 or 15 steers/pen). Pens were randomly assigned to receive RAMP® from d 0 to d 45 with the inclusion of: 1) Rumensin + Tylan (Elanco Animal Health; Greenfield, IN; 360 mg and 90 mg per animal/daily, respectively; RT), 2) Rumensin + Celmanax + Certillus (Church and Dwight Co., Inc., Princeton, NJ; 18 g and 28 per animal/daily, respectively; RCC), or Celmanax + Certillus (18 g and 28 per animal/daily, respectively; CC). Feed intake during the initial 21 d of the experiment was greater (P ≤ 0.05) in CC vs. RCC and RT. No treatment effects were detected for steer BW gain and feed efficiency (P ≥ 0.41). Total incidence of steers treated for respiratory disease did not differ between treatments (77.9, 82.3, and 80.0%, respectively, P = 0.77). Removal of steers from the experiment due to extreme morbidity of mortality was greater (P = 0.02) in RT vs. CC, and intermediate for RCC (22.4, 7.0, and 12.9%, respectively). Accordingly, total liveweight per pen on d 45 was greater (P ≤ 0.05) for CC and RCC vs. RT (3.79, 3.61, and 3.20 ton, respectively). Inclusion of CC into a receiving diet improved initial feed intake compared with ionophore-containing diets, but without changing steer performance. Moreover, CC and RCC resulted in improved health responses during the 45-d receiving period compared with the traditional RT receiving diet. These results suggest that CC ingredients improved intake and immunocompetence of receiving cattle.

304 Effects of Supplementing Phix-up® on Productive, Physiological, and Rumen Responses of Feedlot Cattle Consuming a Corn-based Finishing Diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 162-163
Author(s):  
Eduardo Colombo ◽  
Reinaldo F Cooke ◽  
Kelsey Harvey ◽  
Jacob Wiegand ◽  
Ana Clara Araujo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Hair Cortisol ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Buffering Agent ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Feeding Systems

Abstract This experiment (d -14 to 118) compared rumen pH, productive, and physiological responses in finishing cattle supplemented or not with a rumen-buffering agent (pHix-up®; Timab, Dinard, France). Angus-influenced yearling cattle (58 heifers and 62 steers) were ranked by sex and body weight (BW) and allocated to 4 groups of 30 animals each (d -14). Groups were housed in 1 of 4 drylot pens equipped with GrowSafe automated feeding systems, and assigned to receive a corn-based diet containing monensin, and with the inclusion of pHix-up® at 0.00% (control) 0.25%, 0.50%, or 0.75% (d 0 to 118). Cattle BW was recorded twice monthly (d -14 to 118), and blood samples were collected on d 0, 28, 56, 84 and 112. Hair samples from the tail-switch were collected on d 0, 56 and 112. Cattle were slaughtered on d 119. Eight rumen-cannulated steers were also assigned to this experiment (d 42 to 98), with 2 steers housed with each group in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin Square design (4 periods of 14 d). Rumen pH was measured on d 7 and 14 of each period at 0800h, 1200h, 1600h and 2000h. No treatment effects were noted (P ≥ 0.13) for cattle BW gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency. Inclusion of pHix-up® linearly increased (P < 0.01) plasma Mg concentrations and tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.09) plasma haptoglobin concentrations. Cattle receiving pHix-up® had greater (P < 0.01) mean plasma cortisol concentrations compared with non-supplemented cattle. Hair cortisol concentration linearly decreased (P < 0.01) as pHix-up® inclusion increased on d 112 (treatment × day interaction; P = 0.02). In rumen-cannulated steers, pHix-up® inclusion linearly increased (P = 0.03) mean rumen pH. Collectively, pHix-up® supplementation improved rumen pH and modulated stress-related physiological responses in finishing cattle, but without improving their productive responses.

scholarly journals 213 Feeding essential oils and α-amylase or its association with 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D3 improves productive performance by feedlot cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 160-161
Author(s):  
Maria Betania Niehues ◽  
Alexandre Perdigão ◽  
Victor V Valério de Carvalho ◽  
Tiago S Acedo ◽  
Guilherme S F M Vasconcellos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Electronic System ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Tukey Test

Abstract Our objective was to evaluate the effects of associating feed additives on performance of finishing cattle when fed a high-concentrate diet for 105 days. Twenty-four Angus-Nellore crossbred bulls (iBW, 456 ± 10.04 kg; age, 18 mo) were randomly allocated to three treatments with eight replicates per treatment (animal as experimental unit). The treatments were: 1) Control (MON) - Sodium Monensin, 26 mg/kg DM; 2) Crina® RumistarTM (CR) - a blend of essential oils, 90 mg/kg DM + exogenous α-amylase, 560 mg/kg DM) and 3) CR + HyD® (25-hydroxy-vitamin-D3 at 1 mg/animal/d). The DM intake and animalsˈ weight variables were assessed individually, by using the Intergado® electronic system and the Bosch® Precision Livestock platform placed in the feedlot pen, respectively. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS and means comparison evaluated by Tukey test at P < 0.05. The initial BW was used as a covariate when significant. Feeding CR and CR+HyD increased DMI (13.18 and 12.82 kg vs. 10.77 kg P < 0.01) and tended to increase ADG (1.94, 1.92 vs. 1.68kg/d, P = 0.07) and final BW (654, 652 vs. 628 kg, P = 0.08) compared with MON. Likewise, animals fed CR and CR+HyD had greater carcass ADG (1.38, 1.41 vs. 1.14 kg/d, P < 0.01), and HCW (368.53 and 371.87 vs. 344.13 kg; P < 0.01) compared to MON. In addition, feeding CR+HyD increased the dressing percentage in 2.1 percent points compared with MON (57.4 vs. 55.3%; P < 0.03). The G:F and the biological efficiency were similar among treatments (P = 0.50). We conclude that including Crina® RumistarTM +HyD® can be used as a tool to increase carcass production by feedlot cattle.

scholarly journals 200 Effects of grain processing and undegradable fiber on rumen pH and fermentation of cattle fed high grain diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 159-160
Author(s):  
Tao Ran ◽  
A M Saleem ◽  
Karen Beauchemin ◽  
G Penner ◽  
Wenzhu Yang
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Mineral Supplements ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Grain Processing ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Rumen Acidosis ◽  
Barley Silage ◽  
Finishing Beef Cattle

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of processing index (PI, weight after processing/weight before processing × 100) of barley grain and dietary undegradable fiber (uNDF, 240 h of incubation in rumen) concentration on DM intake (DMI), ruminal pH and fermentation characteristics of finishing beef cattle. Six ruminally cannulated beef heifers (BW, 715 ± 29 kg) were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square design with 3 PI (65, 75 and 85%; fine, medium, coarse, respectively) × 2 uNDF concentrations (low and high; 4.6 vs. 5.6% of DM) factorial arrangement. Heifers were fed ad libitum a diet consisting of 10% barley silage (low uNDF), or 5% silage and 5% straw (high uNDF), 87% dry-rolled barley, and 3% vitamin and mineral supplements. An interaction of PI × uNDF was observed (P < 0.01) for DMI, but not for mean or duration of rumen pH < 5.8 or < 5.6 over a 24-h period. The DMI (kg/d) was greater (P < 0.05) for high (12.7) versus low (12.1) uNDF diets with 85% PI, with no difference in DMI (average, 12.1) between low and high uNDF diets with 65 or 75% PI. The duration of pH < 5.8 (14.6 versus 13.3 h) and pH < 5.6 (10.8 versus 8.6 h) reduced (P < 0.05) for high versus low uNDF diets. The PI did not affect total volatile fatty acid (tVFA) concentration or molar proportions of individual VFA, but the tVFA was less (172 and 162 mM; P < 0.01) and acetate proportion was greater (46.0 and 48.2%; P < 0.01) with high versus low uNDF. These results indicate that increasing dietary uNDF concentration is an effective strategy to improve ruminal pH status in finishing cattle, regardless of extent of grain processing, whereas minimizing the extent of grain processing did not reduce the risk of rumen acidosis.

scholarly journals PSI-5 Effects of rest period prior to processing on anthelmintic response during the receiving period in feedlot heifers

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 225-226
Author(s):  
Nicole Stafford ◽  
A J Tarpoff ◽  
Miles Theurer ◽  
Tom Jones ◽  
Cassandra K Jones
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Parasite Prevalence ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
State University ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Kansas State University ◽  
The Impact

Abstract A major stressor affecting feedlot cattle performance is transportation. Knowing when to process cattle and how much rest to provide prior to processing may improve cattle health and response to processing, such as anthelmintic administration. The goal of this project was to determine the impact of time of rest prior to initial processing on parasite prevalence during the receiving period. Eighty mixed-breed heifers (250±4.2 kg BW) were purchased at live auction in Oklahoma City, OK and transported to the Kansas State University Beef Cattle Research Center in Manhattan. Heifers were allotted in a completely randomized design to one of four treatments processed at 0, 6, 24, or 48 hours after arrival. At processing (d 0), fecal samples were collected, and cattle were subcutaneously injected with 1.0 ml/50 kg BW moxidectin (Cydectin®, Bayer Animal Health, Shawnee Mission, KS) and orally dosed with 1.0 mL/50 kg BW oxfendazole (Synanthic®, Boehringer Ingelheim, St. Joseph, MO). Fecal samples were collected again on d 14. Fecal samples were analyzed by the Kansas State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory for qualitative and quantitative fecal float. Time of processing did not impact (P > 0.05) any measured response criteria. On d 0, there was a high prevalence of fecal parasites, which was significantly reduced by d 14 (94.5% vs. 23.1% of cattle with detected fecal parasites on d 0 vs. 14, respectively). On d 0, semi-quantitative density showed the highest concentration of strongyle and eimeria parasites, which were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) by d 14 (315 and 155 vs. 2 and 6.5 eggs/g of feces detected for strongyle vs. eimeria, respectively). In summary, time of rest prior to processing had no detected impact on anthelmintic response, but the dual injection/oral protocol used in this experiment was highly effective at reducing parasite levels within 2 weeks of administration.

STUDY ON WET PROCESSING OF BLOCK CHILLY

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Dwi Dian Praptanto ◽  
Kurnia Herlina Dewi ◽  
Bosman Sidebang
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Wet Processing ◽  
Analysis Application ◽  
Lower Water Content

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of drying time in weight and water content, combination effect of drying time and size of the material, and consumer acceptance to the product in the wet processing of chili blocks production. Method used in the research is completely randomized design (CRD) with two factorials are material size and drying time. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and further analysis using DMRT at 5% significance level. Organoleptic test result was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Tukey test for further analysis. Application of the equal drying time to two different size of material: rough and finest block chili, showed the result that water content of the rough block chili is lower than the finest block chilli. Application of the different drying time duration to the same size of chili showed the lower water content with increasing duration of drying time. The water content of the material tends to decrease with increasing duration of drying time. The level of consumer’s preferences to the product of wet processing of chili blocks production is equal for scents, but it’s different for color, texture and overall preferences.

scholarly journals The Potential Utilization of High-Fiber Agricultural By-Products as Monogastric Animal Feed and Feed Additives: A Review

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2098
Author(s):  
Wen-Yang Chuang ◽  
Li-Jen Lin ◽  
Hsin-Der Shih ◽  
Yih-Min Shy ◽  
Shang-Chang Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Health It ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Monogastric Animal ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
By Products

With the increase in world food demand, the output of agricultural by-products has also increased. Agricultural by-products not only contain more than 50% dietary fiber but are also rich in functional metabolites such as polyphenol (including flavonoids), that can promote animal health. The utilization of dietary fibers is closely related to their types and characteristics. Contrary to the traditional cognition that dietary fiber reduces animal growth, it can promote animal growth and maintain intestinal health, and even improve meat quality when added in moderate amounts. In addition, pre-fermenting fiber with probiotics or enzymes in a controlled environment can increase dietary fiber availability. Although the use of fiber has a positive effect on animal health, it is still necessary to pay attention to mycotoxin contamination. In summary, this report collates the fiber characteristics of agricultural by-products and their effects on animal health and evaluates the utilization value of agricultural by-products.

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