The history and development of public health in developed countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Simon Szreter
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Administrative Practices ◽  
Whole Process

It has been conventional to locate the origins of public health in early efforts to combat epidemics and to regulate the sanitary environment accompanying urban life and to trace its history in the gradual evolution of such measures in relation to politics, administrative practices, public laws, and medical science’s changing aetiology. Such an historical account provides important insights and understanding but it is also de-limited in one significant sense. Public health is cast in a responsive role in relation to the processes of economic development. However, the nature of the relationship between public health and global economic development can appear very differently when it is viewed over the long-term, encompassing the whole process of modern economic transformation from the singular matrix of its origins in the early modern society and economy of England, c.1600–1800. This chapter will show that state policies to promote the social order, security, and health of the population in fact pre-date and crucially underpinned the process through which the modern world’s economic transformation originated—in early modern England.

Taking Forward Roger's Interest in the Relationship between the Early Modern Family, Demography, Economy and Government Policy

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Simon Szreter
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Economic Productivity ◽  
Work Related ◽  
The Poor

This paper describes how Roger Schofield came to characterise the English social system of the early modern period as 'individualist-collectivist', in which individualism is located within a larger structure and context of collectivism. It discusses this in the context of his contributions to the book he co-edited with John Walter in 1989, entitled Famine, Disease and the Social Order in Early Modern Society. Roger's work related the evidence of demographic and epidemiological change not only to family structures, ideological belief systems and government policy, as saliently represented by effects of the poor laws, but also to economic productivity as a dependent variable. That was quite the opposite of the dominant orthodoxy of the post-war era, which was that demography and epidemiology were driven by economics, not vice versa. This has the implication for our own era that constructive government policy has repeatedly played an important positive role in the economic productivity of the nation and that tax-funded generous support for the poor is a central part of that, which citizens should positively support.

Famine, Disease and the Social Order in Early Modern Society

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 659
Author(s):  
Anne Hardy ◽  
John Walter ◽  
Roger S. Schofield
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
The Social

The Population Obstacle to Economic Transformation in sub-Saharan Africa

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-477
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Gormely
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Development Effort ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Total Employment ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Sub Saharan

As the economic development of a country occurs, and its income per capita rises, an economic transformation takes place. The importance of both production and employment in agriculture, as proportions of total production and total employment, declines. This structural transformation of the less-developed economy from one dominated by agriculture to one dominated by non-agriculture has occurred in every country which has experienced a sustained rise in income per capita. Because the transformation has occurred in every successful development effort so far, we have reason to suspect that structural transformation is a concomitant of economic development, and will occur in the future as the less-developed countries experience economic development.

scholarly journals Analysis of innovative activities of small and medium-sized enterprises as fundamentals of their sustainable economic development

2019 ◽  
pp. 100-110
Author(s):  
Victoriya Tyshchenko ◽  
Julia Kholodna ◽  
Alina Krasna
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
National Income ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Innovative Activity ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Logical Sequence ◽  
Intellectual Potential

This article seeks to address the pressing issue of developing the innovative activity of the domestic economy through the use of the potential of small and medium-sized enterprises, which has to do with the possibility of application of existing experience of the more developed foreign countries in order to achieve economic success. The purpose of this study is to examine the trends in the development of innovative activity of small and medium-sized enterprises in Ukraine, as well as to determine the distribution of the total amount of expenditures by areas of innovation. Analysis of the literature on this issue has shown that the economic development of a country depends on many factors, and the use of intellectual potential is quite a significant factor in modern society. The relevance of this issue is supported by the fact that the majority of developed countries that have high levels of national income and are distinguished by the quality of life of the population are introducing the latest innovative inventions and using them appropriately in: production, agriculture, trade and other fields of activity. The research of the development of innovation activity of small and medium-sized enterprises in the article is carried out in the following logical sequence: analysis of small and medium-sized enterprises in Ukraine, analysis of small and medium-sized enterprises of EU countries, evaluation and comparison of innovation activity of Ukraine and EU countries. The methodical tools of the study included methods of statistical analysis. The study period was 2010-2018. The object of analysis is the process of development of innovation activity of small and medium-sized enterprises, as they are the majority of enterprises in Ukraine. The article presents the results of the analysis of the state of innovation the activity of small and medium-sized enterprises, which showed that our country needs significant transformation in this direction. Studies show that increasing the turnover and the production of small and medium-sized enterprises depends on the level of innovative development. The results of the study may be useful for small and medium-sized enterprises.

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