scholarly journals Identification of Resistance Genes to Phytophthora sojae in Domestic Soybean Cultivars from China Using Particle Bombardment

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (7) ◽  
pp. 1888-1893
Author(s):  
Jin Yang ◽  
Sujiao Zheng ◽  
Xiaomen Wang ◽  
Wenwu Ye ◽  
Xiaobo Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Particle Bombardment ◽  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Avirulence Genes ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Source Materials

Phytophthora root and stem rot caused by Phytophthora sojae is a destructive disease that afflicts soybean plants throughout the world. The use of resistant soybean cultivars is the primary means of managing this disease, as well as the most effective and economical approach. There are abundant soybean germplasm resources in China that could be deployed for breeding programs; however, the resistance genes (Rps genes) in most cultivars are unknown, leading to uncertainty concerning which are resistant cultivars for use. The resistance genes Rps1a, Rps1c, and Rps1k prevent root and stem rot caused by most P. sojae isolates within a Chinese field population. This study identified three Rps genes in Chinese domestic soybean cultivars using three related avirulence genes by particle bombardment. The complex genetic diversity of soybean cultivars and P. sojae strains has made it difficult to define single Rps genes without molecular involvement. Gene cobombardment is a method for identifying Rps genes quickly and specifically. We showed that cultivars Dongnong 60 and Henong 72 contained Rps1a, while Hedou 19, Henong 76, 75-3, Wandou 21020, Zheng 196, Wandou 28, Heinong 71, and Wandou 29 all contained Rps1c. The cultivars Jidou 12, Henong 72, Heinong 71, and Wandou 29 contained Rps1k. The cultivar Henong 72 contained both Rps1a and Rps1k, while Wandou 29 and Heinong 71 contained both Rps1c and Rps1k. We then evaluated the phenotype of 11 domestic soybean cultivars reacting to P. sojae using the isolates P6497 and Ps1. The 11 domestic cultivars were all resistant to P6497 and Ps1. This research provides source materials and parent plant strains containing Rps1a, Rps1c, and Rps1k for soybean breeding programs.

scholarly journals Two RxLR Avirulence Genes in Phytophthora sojae Determine Soybean Rps1k-Mediated Disease Resistance

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 711-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianqiao Song ◽  
Shiv D. Kale ◽  
Felipe D. Arredondo ◽  
Danyu Shen ◽  
Liming Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Avirulence Genes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Effector Genes ◽  
Rxlr Effector ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

Resistance to Phytophthora sojae (Rps) genes have been widely used in soybean against root and stem rot diseases caused by this oomycete. Among 15 known soybean Rps genes, Rps1k has been the most widely used in the past four decades. Here, we show that the products of two distinct but closely linked RxLR effector genes are detected by Rps1k-containing plants, resulting in disease resistance. One of the genes is Avr1b-1, that confers avirulence in the presence of Rps1b. Three lines of evidence, including overexpression and gene silencing of Avr1b-1 in stable P. sojae transformants, as well as transient expression of this gene in soybean, indicated that Avr1b could trigger an Rps1k-mediated defense response. Some isolates of P. sojae that do not express Avr1b are nevertheless unable to infect Rps1k plants. In those isolates, we identified a second RxLR effector gene (designated Avr1k), located 5 kb away from Avr1b-1. Silencing or overexpression of Avr1k in P. sojae stable transformants resulted in the loss or gain, respectively, of the avirulence phenotype in the presence of Rps1k. Only isolates of P. sojae with mutant alleles of both Avr1b-1 and Avr1k could evade perception by the soybean plants carrying Rps1k.

Common Phytophthora sojae pathotypes occurring in South Dakota

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rawnaq Chowdhury ◽  
Connie Tande ◽  
Emmanuel Z Byamukama
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
South Dakota ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Inoculation Technique ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Rps Gene ◽  
Important Disease

Phytophthora root and stem rot, caused by Phytophthora sojae, is an important disease of soybean (Glycine max L.) in South Dakota. Because P. sojae populations are highly diverse and resistance genes deployed in commercial soybean varieties often fail to manage the disease, this study was initiated to determine P. sojae pathotype distribution in South Dakota. A total of 216 P. sojae isolates were baited from soil collected from 422 soybean fields in South Dakota in 2013-2015 and 2017. The pathotype of each isolate was determined by inoculating 10 seedlings of 13 standard soybean P. sojae differential lines using the hypocotyl inoculation technique. Of the 216 pathotyped isolates, 48 unique pathotypes were identified. The virulence complexity of isolates ranged from virulence on one Rps gene (Rps7) to virulence on 13 Rps genes and mean complexity was 5.2. Harosoy (Rps7), Harlon (Rps1a), Williams 79 (Rps 1c), William 82 (Rps1k), Harosoy 13XX (Rps1b), were susceptible to 98, 80, 78, 73, 72% of the isolates, respectively. These results highlight the highly diverse P. sojae pathotypes in South Dakota and the likely Rps genes to fail in commercial soybean varieties

scholarly journals Races of Phytophthora sojae and Their Virulences on Soybean Cultivars in Heilongjiang, China

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuzhen Zhang ◽  
Pengfei Xu ◽  
Junjiang Wu ◽  
Allen G. Xue ◽  
Jinxiu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Heilongjiang Province ◽  
Plant Mortality ◽  
Pathogen Population ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Rps Gene ◽  
First Time ◽  
Important Disease

Phytophthora root and stem rot, caused by Phytophthora sojae, is an economically important disease of soybean (Glycine max) in Heilongjiang Province, China. The objectives of this research were to determine the race profile of P. sojae in Heilongjiang and evaluate soybean cultivars for reactions to the pathogen races. A total of 96 single-zoospore P. sojae isolates were obtained from soil samples collected from 35 soybean fields in 18 counties in Heilongjiang from 2005 to 2007. Eight races of P. sojae, including races 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 13, 44, and 54, were identified on a set of eight differentials, each containing a single resistance Rps gene, from 80 of the 96 isolates. Races 1 and 3 were predominant races, comprising 58 and 14 isolates, and representing 60 and 7% of the pathogen population, respectively. Races 4, 5, 44, and 54 were identified for the first time in Heilongjiang, and each was represented by two to three isolates only. Sixty-two soybean cultivars commonly grown in Heilongjiang Province were evaluated for their resistance to the eight P. sojae races identified using the hypocotyl inoculation technique. Based on the percentage of plant mortality rated 5 days after inoculation, 44 cultivars were resistant (<30% mortality) to at least one race. These cultivars may be used as sources of resistance in soybean breeding programs.

Reactions of Canadian short-season soybean cultivars to three races of Phytophthora sojae

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Z Zhang ◽  
A G Xue ◽  
J X Zhang ◽  
E. Cober ◽  
T R Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Resistant Sources ◽  
Short Season

Of 87 short-season soybean cultivars evaluated for reactions to three races (1, 3, and 5) of Phytophthora sojae Kaufmann and Gerdemann, 29 showed resistance to at least one of the three races. These resistant sources may be used for pyramiding Rps genes and deployment of P. sojae resistant soybean cultivars in Canada. Key words: Soybean, Glycine max, phytophthora root and stem rot, Phytophthora sojae

scholarly journals Virulence Composition of Phytophthora sojae in Michigan

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (10) ◽  
pp. 1103-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Kaitany ◽  
L. P. Hart ◽  
G. R. Safir
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Soybean Plant ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Plant Samples ◽  
First Time

Knowing the virulence composition of Phytophthora sojae is important for the management of Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean. Plant samples were collected in Michigan from diseased plants in soybean fields with Phytophthora root and stem rot symptoms. Eighty-seven isolates of P. sojae were evaluated for virulence using 13 differential soybean cultivars. Rps 3b, 3a, 1b, 1k, and 6 were resistant to 81, 77, 74, 69, and 66% of the isolates, respectively, while Rps 1a and 7 were resistant to only 12 to 13% of the isolates. Races 2, 25, 41, and 44 of P. sojae were identified among the isolates and reported for the first time in Michigan. Virulence formulae of 69 isolates did not match those of currently known races of P. sojae. Nine isolates were considered nonpathogenic. Incorporating Rps genes 1b, 1k, 3a, 3b, and 6 in soybean cultivars with good field tolerance, in conjunction with other control measures, should offer improved protection of soybeans from Phytophthora root and stem rot in Michigan.

scholarly journals A Zoospore Inoculation Method with Phytophthora sojae to Assess the Prophylactic Role of Silicon on Soybean Cultivars

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
pp. 1632-1638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valérie Guérin ◽  
Amandine Lebreton ◽  
Erik E. Cogliati ◽  
Sue E. Hartley ◽  
François Belzile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Infection ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Direct Inoculation ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Root Resistance

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether silicon (Si) amendments, known to have a prophylactic role against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens, could protect soybean against Phytophthora sojae. To fulfill this objective, the initial challenge was to develop a method of inoculation that reproduced the natural infection process while allowing regular Si feeding to the plants. In a first set of experiments, inoculation of P. sojae zoospores directly into hydroponic solutions led to reproducible infections and expected phenotypes when using ‘Williams’ (rps), ‘L75-6141’ (Rps1a), ‘haro15’ (Rps1k), and ‘L77-1863’ (Rps1b) soybean challenged to races 3 and 7 of P. sojae. This approach offers the advantage of testing simultaneously many soybean cultivars against different races of P. sojae in a controlled environment, and the expression of partial and root resistance. In a second set of experiments aimed at testing the effect of Si, our results clearly showed that Si amendments had a significant effect on disease reduction and plant yield. The effect was particularly noticeable when combined with a cultivar displaying a certain level of resistance to the disease. These results demonstrate a useful method of direct inoculation of soybean plants with P. sojae zoospores through a hydroponic system and show that Si amendments can represent an alternative method of control of P. sojae against soybean.

scholarly journals Response of Soybean Accessions from Provinces in Southern China to Phytophthora sojae

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 555-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Kyle ◽  
C. D. Nickell ◽  
R. L. Nelson ◽  
W. L. Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Inoculation Technique ◽  
The World ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Phytophthora Rot

Phytophthora rot, caused by Phytophthora sojae, is a damaging disease of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) throughout the soybean-producing regions of the world. The discovery of new sources of resistance in soybean is vital in maintaining control of Phytophthora rot, because races of the pathogen have been discovered that can attack cultivars with commonly used resistance genes. The objectives of this study were to investigate the distribution and diversity of Phytophthora-resistant soybean in southern China and identify sources that confer resistance to multiple races for implementation into breeding programs. Soybean accessions obtained from southern China were evaluated for their response to races 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 12, 17, 20, and 25 of P. sojae using the hypocotyl inoculation technique in the greenhouse at Urbana, Illinois in 1996 and 1997. Accessions were identified that confer resistant responses to multiple races of the pathogen. These accessions may provide sources of resistance for control of Phytophthora rot of soybean in the future. The majority of the accessions with resistance to eight or more of the ten races tested were from the provinces of Hubei, Jiangsu, and Sichuan in southern China. Based on the evaluated accessions, these provinces appear to be valuable sources of Phytophthora-resistant soybean.

Cosegregation of Avr4 and Avr6 in Phytophthora sojae

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 800-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Gijzen ◽  
Helga Förster ◽  
Michael D. Coffey ◽  
Brett Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Genetic Mapping ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Gene Interaction ◽  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Phytophthora Megasperma ◽  
Incomplete Dominance ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Race 2 ◽  
Gene For Gene

The F2 progeny resulting from a cross of Phytophthora sojae race 2 (avirulent on Rps4 and Rps6) and race 7 (virulent on Rps4 and Rps6) were tested for their ability to cause disease on soybean plants carrying the Rps4 or the Rps6 resistance genes. Of 55 F2 progeny analyzed, 41 individuals were avirulent on both of these genes and 14 were virulent on Rps4 and Rps6, indicating that avirulence on Rps4 and Rps6 is dominant and linked. These results support the suggestion that the soybean–Phytophthora relationship is a gene for gene interaction and that the presumptive Avr4 and Avr6 genes are either tightly linked or identical. Keywords: avirulence, genetic mapping, Glycine max, incomplete dominance, Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea.

scholarly journals Field Application of Calcium to Reduce Phytophthora Stem Rot of Soybean, and Calcium Distribution in Plants

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (7) ◽  
pp. 812-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sugimoto ◽  
K. Watanabe ◽  
S. Yoshida ◽  
M. Aino ◽  
M. Furiki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Field Resistance ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Calcium Compounds ◽  
Calcium Crystals

The effect of calcium compounds [Ca(HCOO)2-A and Ca(NO3)2] on the incidence of Phytophthora stem rot of soybean (Glycine max) cv. Tanbakuro was investigated in the field. Disease incidence in control plants in three fields naturally infested with Phytophthora sojae ranged from 11.7 to 52.0% at 140 days after transplanting. Independent of the pathotype diversity, 4 and 10 mM of the calcium compounds applied twice (prior to transplanting and 14 days after transplanting) significantly suppressed disease incidence and delayed onset. Ca(HCOO)2-A (Suicaru) was more effective than calcium nitrate for reducing disease incidence. In most cases, the calcium amendments increased plant height, number of nodes and pods, and seed yields, and reduced low-quality seeds. Scanning electron microscopy with fresh samples showed increased accumulation of calcium crystals around the cambium and xylem elements of soybean plants treated with 10-mM Ca(HCOO)2-A and Ca(NO3)2. Mycelial penetration was inhibited at these sites. These results indicated that calcium-rich areas may be more resistant to invasion by P. sojae, and the calcium crystals may play an important role in calcium ion storage and its availability for those tissues to maintain long-term field resistance.

scholarly journals Races of Phytophthora sojae in Arkansas Soybean Fields and Their Effects on Commonly Grown Soybean Cultivars

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Jackson ◽  
T. L. Kirkpatrick ◽  
J. C. Rupe
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Effective Resistance ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
University Of Arkansas ◽  
Soybean Field ◽  
Inoculation Methods ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Pathogenic Variability ◽  
The University

Isolates of Phytophthora sojae were collected during 1995 to 1998 from soil samples collected in 23 Arkansas soybean fields in 14 counties, and characterized by race. A total of seven races (races 2, 10, 14, 15, 24, 26, and 38) were found. Races 10, 24, and 15 were the most common and comprised 47, 22, and 9% of the 32 isolates, respectively. A single isolate each of races 2, 14, 26, and 38 also was found. Three of the isolates collected could not be characterized to race due to inconsistent results. In 1997 and 1998, a portion of a single soybean field at the University of Arkansas Southeast Research and Experiment Center near Rohwer, AR was surveyed intensively for P. sojae. The area was planted each year to the P. sojae-susceptible cv. Williams and both plants and soil were collected to assay for P. sojae from 16 and 28 plots (4.9 by 7.6 m) in 1997 and 1998, respectively. A total of 83 isolates were collected (11 from plants and 72 from soil), and found to represent 13 pathotypes, including 6 with virulence formulae that have not been described previously. Nine commercial soybean cultivars representing a range of reported resistance and tolerance to Phytophthora root and stem rot were screened for resistance to races 10, 15, and 26 of P. sojae using both hypocotyl injection and inoculum layer techniques. Cvs. Manokin, Hartz Variety 5545, and Riverside 499 were consistently resistant to all of the races using both inoculation methods. These results indicate that, although considerable pathogenic variability in P. sojae exists in soybean fields in Arkansas, cultivars with effective resistance are available to help growers manage Phytophthora root and stem rot.

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