Recently, an increasing number of photovoltaic/battery energy storage/electric vehicle charging stations (PBES) have been established in many cities around the world. This paper proposes a PBES portfolio optimization model with a sustainability perspective. First, various decision-making criteria are identified from perspectives of economy, society, and environment. Secondly, the performance of alternatives with respect to each criterion is evaluated in the form of trapezoidal intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (TrIFN). Thirdly, the alternatives are ranked based on cumulative prospect theory. Then, a multi-objective optimization model is built and solved by multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm to determine the optimal PBES portfolio. Finally, a case in South China is studied and a scenario analysis is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model.
Optimal sizing of battery energy storage system in smart microgrid considering virtual energy storage system and high photovoltaic penetration
