Risk perception, illusory superiority and personal responsibility during COVID‐19: An experimental study of attitudes to staying home

The principle that people should be held personally responsible for the consequences of their choices is a fundamental moral ideal in Western societies. We report from a large-scale experimental study of how far-reaching this principle is for inequality acceptance. We show that third-party spectators violate minimal conditions for a morally relevant choice when making redistributive decisions for two workers. They accept more inequality when the workers have made nominal and forced choices than when brute luck is the source of inequality. We argue that our findings shed light on important current political debates about personal responsibility and redistributive policies.

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The influence of linear and cyclical temporal representations on risk perception of nuclear waste: an experimental study

Journal of Risk Research ◽

10.1080/13669877.2011.636836 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 15 (5) ◽

pp. 459-476 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Corinne Moser ◽

Michael Stauffacher ◽

Pius Krütli ◽

Roland W. Scholz

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Risk Perception ◽

Nuclear Waste ◽

Temporal Representations

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PENGARUH REPUTASI DAN TANGGUNG JAWAB PERSONAL TERHADAP BUDGETARY SLACK

Jurnal Akuntansi Bisnis ◽

10.30813/jab.v14i2.2545 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Jimmi Charles ◽

Jesica Handoko

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Financial Planning ◽

Planning Process ◽

Conflicts Of Interest ◽

Personal Responsibility ◽

Analysis Tool ◽

Anova Analysis ◽

Budgetary Slack ◽

Budget Planning ◽

Catholic University

ABSTRACT : The budget is one of the important elements used in making decisions for corporate financial planning in the future. This budget is to become a benchmark for the company in determining success in achieving its planned goals by making comparisons between actual data and data that the company had previously planned. So that the budget will always be used by the company to determine budget planning and evaluate performance by comparing the budget plans. However, there is a problem in the budget planning process where the budget is not planned according to the actual by a manager. This happens because there are conflicts of interest, where managers will be more concerned with themselves than the interests of the company. Therefore, the budget will turn into a bias so that it can cause a budgetary slack. This study aims to find the factors that influence budgetary slack, namely by testing the influence of the variable reputation and personal responsibility on budgetary slack. This study is an experimental study with the aim of seeing whether there is an effect of reputation and personal responsibility on budgetary slack. This experiment uses a 2x2 design with the 2017 and 2018 students of Widya Mandala Catholic University Surabaya as participants in this experiment. The instrument given to participants in this experiment was the translation of letters into numbers. The hypothesis in this experiment was tested using ANOVA analysis tool. The results of this experiment show that neither reputation nor personal responsibility can affect budgetary slack. Keywords : Budgetary Slack; Personal Responsibility; Reputation. ABSTRAK : Dalam sebuah perusahaan, anggaran merupakan salah satu elemen penting yang digunakan dalam pengambilan keputusan untuk perencanaan keuangan perusahaan dimasa depan. Kegunaan dari anggaran ini sendiri adalah menjadi tolak ukur bagi perusahaan dalam menentukan keberhasilan perusahaan dalam mencapai tujuan yang telah direncanakan dengan cara melakukan perbandingan antara data aktual dengan data yang telah direncanakan oleh perusahaan sebelumnya. Sehingga anggaran akan selalu digunakan oleh perusahaan untuk menentukan perencanaan anggaran dan melakukan evaluasi kinerja dengan membandingkan dari rencana anggaran tersebut. Namun terdapat sebuah masalah dalam proses perencanaan anggaran yang dimana anggaran tidak direncanakan sesuai dengan aktual oleh seorang manajer. Hal ini terjadi karena terdapat pembenturan kepentingan, dimana manajer akan lebih mementingkan diri sendiri daripada kepentingan maupun tujuan perusahaan. Maka dari itu, anggaran akan berubah menjadi bias sehingga dapat menimbulkan kesenjangan anggaran atau budgetary slack. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan faktor yang mempengaruhi budgetary slack, yaitu dengan melakukan uji pengaruh variabel reputasi dan tanggung jawab personal terhadap budgetary slack. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen dengan tujuan untuk melihat apakah ada pengaruh yang ditimbulkan dari reputasi dan tanggung jawab personal terhadap budgetary slack. Eksperimen ini menggunakan desain 2x2 dengan mahasiswa S1 Universitas Katolik Widya Mandala Surabaya angkatan 2017 dan 2018 sebagai partisipan dalam eksperimen kali ini. Instrumen yang diberikan kepada partisipan dalam eksperimen ini adalah penerjemahan huruf kedalam angka. Hipotesis dalam eksperimen ini diuji dengan alat analisis ANOVA. Hasil dari eksperimen kali ini menunjukkan bahwa reputasi maupun tanggung jawab personal sendiri terbukti tidak dapat mempengaruhi budgetary slack. Kata Kunci : Budgetary Slack, Reputasi, Tanggung Jawab Personal.

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Radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure and risk perception: A pilot experimental study

Environmental Research ◽

10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.058 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 170 ◽

pp. 493-499

Author(s):

Berihun M. Zeleke ◽

Chhavi Raj Bhatt ◽

Christopher Brzozek ◽

Michael J. Abramson ◽

Frederik Freudenstein ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Electromagnetic Field ◽

Risk Perception ◽

Field Exposure ◽

Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field

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Risk Perception—Defining How to Identify Personal Responsibility

Safety Culture ◽

10.1016/b978-0-12-396496-0.00009-4 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 177-197

Author(s):

Nathan Crutchfield ◽

James Roughton

Keyword(s):

Risk Perception ◽

Personal Responsibility

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Wi-fi related radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF): a pilot experimental study of personal exposure and risk perception

Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering ◽

10.1007/s40201-021-00636-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Berihun M. Zeleke ◽

Christopher Brzozek ◽

Chhavi R. Bhatt ◽

Michael J. Abramson ◽

Frederik Freudenstein ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Risk Perception ◽

Electromagnetic Fields ◽

Personal Exposure ◽

Measurement Information ◽

Exposure Limits ◽

Exposure Measurement ◽

Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields ◽

Objectively Measured ◽

The Impact

AbstractThe impact of providing people with an objectively measured personal radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) exposure information on the risk perception of people is not well understood. We conducted an experimental study, among three groups of participants, to investigate the risk perception of people towards RF-EMF from Wi-Fi sources (ISM 2.4 GHz) by providing participants with either basic text, precautionary information, or a summary of their personal RF-EMF exposure measurement levels. Participants provided with personal RF-EMF exposure measurement information were more confident in protecting themselves from RF-EMF exposure, compared to those provided with only basic information. Nonetheless, neither the exposure perception nor the risk perception of people to Wi-Fi related RF-EMF differed by the type of information provided. The measured Wi-Fi signal levels were far below international exposure limits. Furthermore, self-rated levels of personal RF-EMF exposure perception were not associated with objectively measured RF-EMF exposure levels. Providing people with objectively measured information may help them build confidence in protecting themselves from Wi-Fi related RF-EMF exposure.

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Experimental study on the restoration from a tilt-azimuth series for improvement in resolution

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010013955x ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 636-637

Author(s):

Norio Baba ◽

Norihiko Ichise ◽

Syunya Watanabe

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Spherical Aberration ◽

Incident Beam ◽

Optical Parameters ◽

Beam Tilting ◽

Illumination Method ◽

Restoration Method ◽

Illumination Mode

The tilted beam illumination method is used to improve the resolution comparing with the axial illumination mode. Using this advantage, a restoration method of several tilted beam images covering the full azimuthal range was proposed by Saxton, and experimentally examined. To make this technique more reliable it seems that some practical problems still remain. In this report the restoration was attempted and the problems were considered. In our study, four problems were pointed out for the experiment of the restoration. (1) Accurate beam tilt adjustment to fit the incident beam to the coma-free axis for the symmetrical beam tilting over the full azimuthal range. (2) Accurate measurements of the optical parameters which are necessary to design the restoration filter. Even if the spherical aberration coefficient Cs is known with accuracy and the axial astigmatism is sufficiently compensated, at least the defocus value must be measured. (3) Accurate alignment of the tilt-azimuth series images.

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