scholarly journals Biosynthesis of Polyketides in Heterologous Hosts

2001 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blaine A. Pfeifer ◽  
Chaitan Khosla
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Streptomyces Coelicolor ◽  
Polyketide Synthases ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Technological Opportunity ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Polyketide Biosynthesis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Biochemical Studies ◽  
Multifunctional Enzymes

SUMMARY Polyketide natural products show great promise as medicinal agents. Typically the products of microbial secondary biosynthesis, polyketides are synthesized by an evolutionarily related but architecturally diverse family of multifunctional enzymes called polyketide synthases. A principal limitation for fundamental biochemical studies of these modular megasynthases, as well as for their applications in biotechnology, is the challenge associated with manipulating the natural microorganism that produces a polyketide of interest. To ameliorate this limitation, over the past decade several genetically amenable microbes have been developed as heterologous hosts for polyketide biosynthesis. Here we review the state of the art as well as the difficulties associated with heterologous polyketide production. In particular, we focus on two model hosts, Streptomyces coelicolor and Escherichia coli. Future directions for this relatively new but growing technological opportunity are also discussed.

Public Archaeology in Poland: State of the Art and Future Directions

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Michał Pawleta
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
General Public ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Public Archaeology ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Archaeological Heritage ◽  
Archaeological Practice ◽  
The Past

This article aims to conceptualize the present state of public archaeology in Poland, which has recently become topical in archaeological practice. The author defines public archaeology and discusses the historical background of such activities in the context of the specific traditions of Polish archaeology. He then describes the main forms of outreach activities undertaken by archaeologists in Poland and presents community-oriented initiatives that go beyond the education of the general public about the past and strive to engage local communities in activities focused on archaeology and archaeological heritage. He concludes by outlining some directions that this sub-discipline may adopt in future.

Microwave Processing of Ceramics - An Overview

1992 ◽  
Vol 269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willard H. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Microwave Processing ◽  
Microwave Energy ◽  
Early Developmental Stage ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
New Developments ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Early Developmental

ABSTRACTDuring the past decade, many exploratory studies and experiments have been performed on the microwave heating and processing of ceramics and composite materials. Much of this effort was stimulated by the unique and potential benefits that microwave energy can provide over conventional processing methods. While microwave processing of ceramics is still in an early developmental stage, there are many areas yet to be explored, challenges to be met, and economic and commercial payoffs to be substantiated.Since the first MRS International Symposium on Microwave Processing in 1988, interest in this field has grown and many new developments have occurred. The purpose of this paper is to highlight some of the recent advances, to discuss the current state-of-the-art, and to suggest some future directions.

Value analysis—the technique: State of the art and future directions

2000 ◽  
Vol 214 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
G R Kermode ◽  
S Sivaloganathan ◽  
T M M Shahin
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
Step Process ◽  
The Past ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
Established Technique

Value analysis is an established technique that aims to identify, quantify and rectify weaknesses in products and processes by providing a set of functions at minimum cost. An eight-step process called the ‘job plan’ implements the theory. ‘Value methods’ are widely applied and have evolved with the changing competitive environment over the past 50 years. The definition of value and function analysis are two concepts around which original value analysis was built. This paper assesses the state of the art in value analysis in the context of modern product development. The findings from this analysis are then extrapolated to identify future enhancements to this already powerful technique.

Report from the 2nd Int. Workshop on Education through Advanced Software Engineering and Artificial Intelligence (EASEAI '20)

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-29
Author(s):  
Benoît Vanderose ◽  
Julie Henry ◽  
Benoît Frénay ◽  
Xavier Devroey
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Software Engineering ◽  
Engineering Education ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Software Engineering Education ◽  
Current State ◽  
Amount Of Knowledge ◽  
Software Engineering Tools

In the past years, with the development and widespread of digi- tal technologies, everyday life has been profoundly transformed. The general public, as well as specialized audiences, have to face an ever-increasing amount of knowledge and learn new abilities. The EASEAI workshop series addresses that challenge by look- ing at software engineering, education, and arti cial intelligence research elds to explore how they can be combined. Speci cally, this workshop brings together researchers, teachers, and practi- tioners who use advanced software engineering tools and arti cial intelligence techniques in the education eld and through a trans- generational and transdisciplinary range of students to discuss the current state of the art and practices, and establish new future directions. More information at https://easeai.github.io.

scholarly journals Advanced Training in Web-Based Psychology Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 229 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael H. Birnbaum
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Instructional Materials ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Advanced Training ◽  
Psychology Research ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Web Based ◽  
The Past ◽  
Psychological Experimentation ◽  
Over Time

Abstract. This article describes Advanced Training Institutes (ATIs) and workshops on psychological experimentation conducted via the Internet. These programs, conducted since 2002, presented instruction that evolved over the decades to reflect changes in Web-based methods and techniques. The need for instruction in the methods and methodology of Web-based research has increased over the years, as more researchers adopted these methods without necessarily learning the methodological lessons developed from theory and experience. Links to instructional materials created for the workshops are provided. From events and trends that played out over time, including the story of methods that were once state-of-the-art and are no longer functional today, lessons hard-won from the past can be used to anticipate and plan future directions in Web-based experimentation.

scholarly journals A Survey on Battery-Less RFID-Based Wireless Sensors

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 819
Author(s):  
Nabil Khalid ◽  
Rashid Mirzavand ◽  
Ashwin K. Iyer
Keyword(s):  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Radio Frequency Identification ◽  
Wireless Sensors ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Frequency Identification ◽  
Read Range

We present a survey on battery-less Radio Frequency Identification (RFID-based wireless sensors that have emerged in the past several years. We discuss the evolution of RFID turning into wireless sensors. Moreover, we talk about different components of these battery-less RFID-based wireless sensors, five main topologies that transform a simple RFID chip into a battery-less wireless sensor, and state-of-the-art implementations of these topologies. In battery-less wireless sensors, the read range is of key importance. Hence, we discuss how each component of the sensor plays its role in determining the read range and how each topology exploits these components to optimize read range, complexity, and/or cost. Additionally, we discuss potential future directions that can help provide improvements in RFID-based wireless sensor technology.

scholarly journals Surgery for Lone Atrial Fibrillation: Present State-of-the-Art

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 248-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne Shen ◽  
Marci Bailey ◽  
Ralph J. Damiano
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Technical Difficulty ◽  
Lone Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Preoperative Diagnostic ◽  
Diagnostic Technologies

For 2 decades, the cut-and-sew Cox-Maze III procedure was the gold standard for the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) and proved to be effective at curing lone AF and preventing its most dreaded complication, stroke. However, this procedure was not widely adopted because of its complexity and technical difficulty. During the past 5 to 10 years, the introduction of new ablation technology has led to the development of the Cox-Maze IV procedure, as well as, more limited lesion sets, with the ultimate goal of performing a minimally invasive lesion set on the beating heart, without the need for cardiopulmonary bypass. This review summarizes the current state of the art and future directions in the surgical treatment of lone AF. The hope is that as we learn more about the mechanisms of AF and develop preoperative diagnostic technologies capable of precisely locating the areas responsible for AF, it will become possible to tailor specific lesion sets and ablation modalities to individual patients, making the surgical treatment of lone AF available to a larger population of patients.

scholarly journals A Review on Montmorillonite-Supported Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron for Contaminant Removal from Water and Soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Yaru Yin ◽  
Wenjuan Zheng ◽  
An Yan ◽  
Chenxi Zhang ◽  
Yuxuan Gou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Soil Remediation ◽  
Zerovalent Iron ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Contaminant Removal ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron ◽  
Soil And Water

Nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) has shown great promise for water treatment and soil remediation. However, the rapid aggregation of nZVIs significantly affects their mobility and reactivity, which considerably limits the practical applications. Montmorillonite- (Mt-) supported nZVI (Mt-nZVI) has received increasing attention for the past decade because it can prevent the aggregation of nZVI and incorporate the advantages of both nZVI and Mt in soil and water treatment. This work thus had a comprehensive review on the use of Mt-nZVI for soil and water treatment. We first summarized existing methods used to prepare Mt-nZVI, indicating the advantages of using Mt to support nZVI (e.g., increase of the dispersion and mobility of nZVI, reduction of the size and oxidation tendency of nZVI). We then presented the reaction mechanisms of Mt-nZVI for contaminant removal and evaluated the critical factors that influence the removal (e.g., pH, temperature, and dosage of the adsorbent). We further presented examples of applications of Mt-nZVI for the removal of typical contaminants such as heavy metals and organic compounds in soil and water. We finally discussed the limitations of the use of Mt-nZVI for water treatment and soil remediation and presented future directions for the application of nZVI technology for soil and water treatment.

On Future Directions in Pathology

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 274-277
Author(s):  
Benjamin F. Trump ◽  
Irene K. Berezesky ◽  
Raymond T. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Diagnostic Pathology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Many

The role of electron microscopy and associated techniques is assured in diagnostic pathology. At the present time, most of the progress has been made on tissues examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and correlated with light microscopy (LM) and by cytochemistry using both plastic and paraffin-embedded materials. As mentioned elsewhere in this symposium, this has revolutionized many fields of pathology including diagnostic, anatomic and clinical pathology. It began with the kidney; however, it has now been extended to most other organ systems and to tumor diagnosis in general. The results of the past few years tend to indicate the future directions and needs of this expanding field. Now, in addition to routine EM, pathologists have access to the many newly developed methods and instruments mentioned below which should aid considerably not only in diagnostic pathology but in investigative pathology as well.

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