Allozyme Genotype and Differential Resistance to Mercury Pollution in the Caddisfly, Nectopsyche albida. II. Multilocus Genotypes

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Benton ◽  
Sheldon I. Guttman
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Inorganic Mercury ◽  
Differential Resistance ◽  
Single Locus ◽  
Multilocus Genotype ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Multilocus Genotypes ◽  
Genotype Frequencies ◽  
Starch Gel

While a number of papers document that sensitivity to pollution is correlated with single-locus genotype, only one has addressed associations with multilocus complexes. We exposed larval caddisflies, Nectopsyche albida, to inorganic mercury and recorded individual times to death, genetically characterized each individual at six polymorphic loci by starch gel electrophoresis, and tested the effects of multilocus genotype on time to death. Two two-locus complexes and two three-locus complexes were significantly correlated with survival time. This supports earlier studies that monitoring multilocus and single-locus genotype frequencies may be useful in detecting and measuring environmental impacts; however, we disagree that variation in survival time among genotypes per se supports selectionist theory, because no heritability of resistance has been demonstrated. We also disagree that enzyme systems not exhibiting such variation are nonadaptive and discuss how the elimination of sensitive multilocus genotypes may hinder population persistence.

Isozyme variation in the fungus Atkinsonella hypoxylon within and among populations of its host grasses

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 2600-2607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Leuchtmann ◽  
Keith Clay
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Multilocus Genotype ◽  
Isozyme Variation ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Gene Exchange ◽  
Multilocus Genotypes ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Atkinsonella Hypoxylon

Isozyme variation of 291 isolates of Atkinsonella hypoxylon (Clavicipitaceae, tribe Balansieae) from 24 populations of its four known host grasses (Danthonia compressa, Danthonia sericea, Danthonia spicata, and Stipa leucotricha) was examined using starch gel electrophoresis. In total, there were 20 distinct multilocus genotypes. Eleven out of 13 enzyme loci (84.6%) exhibited more than one allele (mean 2.8) per locus. Nei's total gene diversity (HT) within all isolates was 0.229. Between isolate samples from S. leucotricha and the three Danthonia hosts, Nei's genetic identity (I) ranged from 0.21 to 0.31 and among isolate samples from the three Danthonia species I ranged from 0.65 to 0.88, with isolates from D. spicata and D. compressa being most similar. Variation of A. hypoxylon occurred both within and among populations of D. spicata and D. compressa, where up to 53 isolates were sampled per host population. In contrast, all 20 isolates from S. leucotricha were identical, as were all 6 from D. sericea. A few isolates from D. spicata exhibited the same, unusual multilocus genotype with unique alleles at six different loci. The occurrence of several multilocus genotypes in isolates from the same ascostroma and the 1:1 segregation of genotypes among ascospores from a single ascus indicated gene exchange among sexually reproducing individuals, consistent with a heterothallic mating system for A. hypoxylon.

Genetic structure and identification of Populus deltoides clones based on allozymes

Genome ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 440-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Om P. Rajora
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components ◽  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Polymorphic Loci ◽  
Multilocus Genotypes ◽  
Average Proportion ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Allozyme Loci

The allelic constitution of 30 Populus deltoides Marsh, clones selected in Canada and United States was determined for 37 allozyme loci coding for 12 enzyme systems in root tips. The enzymes were assayed by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. One common allele was found at each locus in all clones. The interclonal allozyme variability was controlled by 12 loci. The average proportion of heterozygous loci per clone was 4.7%. There were 23 unique multilocus genotypes among 30 clones. On average, unique genotypes differed from each other at 4.33 loci. Principal-component analysis of clonal genotypes at 12 polymorphic loci indicated 8 loci to be the most differentiating for the clones. The first three principal components accounted for 47.6% of the total variation in 12 polymorphic loci. The ordination and grouping of the clones on principal components 1, 2, and 3 portrayed clonal relationships. Clones from the same small nautral population at Cherry Beach, Ont., and five clones of P. deltoides var. occidentalis were in the same group. There was no separation of clones of two varieties, P. deltoides var. deltoides and P. deltoides var. occidentalis. These results and their usefulness were discussed with reference to identification, certification, registration, and relationships of clones.Key words: Populus deltoides Marsh., allozymes, multilocus genotypes, clone characterization, clonal relationships, poplars.

Isozyme Variability and Breeding Systems in Populations of Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 538-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Horak ◽  
Jodie S. Holt
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Total Potential ◽  
Genotype Frequencies ◽  
Single Genotype ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Isozyme Variability

The importance of seeds in the reproduction and maintenance of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL. # CYPES) populations was evaluated. Isozyme analysis using starch gel electrophoresis was performed on 20 individuals of each of 10 widely separate populations in California. Genetic variation among individuals served as an indicator of the relative importance of asexual and sexual reproduction in each population. Eight enzyme systems were assayed from which 12 loci were resolvable, with four of those loci exhibiting variability. A maximum of four isozyme genotypes appeared in any population; only nine of 81 total potential genotypes were identified. Five populations were isozymically uniform, apparently composed of a single genotype. The remaining five populations were genotypically variable; these frequently deviated strongly from the genotype frequencies expected of a sexually reproducing population. These results indicate that sexually produced seeds are unimportant in the maintenance of yellow nutsedge populations in agricultural environments. Although viable seed may be produced, tubers appear to be the primary mode of reproduction in this species.

Transferrin Variants in Pacific Hake (Merluccius productus)

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 3268-3271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred M. Utter
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Columbia River ◽  
Single Locus ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Merluccius Productus ◽  
Starch Gel

Four transferrin bands were detected by starch-gel electrophoresis in serum and vitreous fluids of Pacific hake from Puget Sound, Washington, and off the mouth of the Columbia River. The patterns of the variants and their frequencies in samples from the two areas indicated that each band reflects one allele at a single locus. Frequencies of the alleles differed significantly between areas.

Heterozygote deficiencies in a cohort of newly settled Mytilus edulis spat

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Fairbrother ◽  
A. R. Beaumont
Keyword(s):  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
The North ◽  
Genotype Frequencies ◽  
North Wales ◽  
Early Settlement ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
A Site ◽  
Time Of Collection

A cohort of newly settled Mytilus edulis (L.) (Mollusca: Bivalvia) spat (mean shell length 530 µm) was collected from red filamentous algae at a site on the North Wales coast. After a period of growth in the laboratory, cellulose acetate and starch gel electrophoresis were used to investigate genotype frequencies at the Gpi, Odh, Lap, Pgm, Idh and Mpi loci. Individual testing of each locus, using the X2 test revealed significant deficiencies of heterozygotes at the Pgm, Mpi and Idh loci. However, further testing using a sequential Bonf erroni test, designed to assess the probability of observing at least one significant result from a number of tests by chance alone, revealed that only the deficiency of heterozygotes at Pgm and Mpi loci was significant at the table-wide 95% level. Since post-collection mortality was <3%, these heterozygote deficits must have existed at the time of collection. The conclusion drawn is that heterozygote deficiencies in mussels are generated during the larval stage or at early settlement.

Multilocus genetic structure, characterization, and relationships of Populus × canadensis cultivars

Genome ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Om P. Rajora ◽  
Louis Zsuffa
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Structure Characterization ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Multilocus Genotypes ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Allozyme Loci

The genotypes of 21 clones of 18 Populus × canadensis Moench cultivars ('Baden 431', 'Blanc du Poitou', 'Canada Blanc', 'DN44', 'Dorskamp 925', 'Eugenei', 'Gelrica', 'Grandis', 'Heidemij', 'I-55/56', 'I-132/56', 'I-262', 'Jacometti', 'Ostia', 'Regenerata', 'Robusta', 'Steckby', and 'Zurich 03/3') were determined for 31 allozyme loci coding for 9 enzyme systems in root tips. Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis was used to assay the enzymes. All clones had allozyme gene and allele contribution from both P. deltoides Marsh, and P. nigra L. The interclonal allozyme variability was controlled by nine loci. 'Canada Blanc' and 'Ostia' shared the same 31-locus genotypes, whereas each of the remaining 19 clones, including 3 clones of 'Robusta' and 2 clones of 'Jacometti', had unique multilocus genotypes. On average, unique genotypes differed from each other at 3.59 loci. Principal-component analysis of the clonal genotypes at 9 variable loci indicated 4 loci (Idh-2, Idh-3, Mdh-4, and Idh-1) to be the most discriminating among the clones. The first two principal components accounted for 48% of the total variance in the nine loci. Clones on the principal component analysis ordination (principal components 1 and 2) were separated into 3 groups; 14 belonged to one group and 5 to a second group. 'Blanc du Poitou' was widely separated from all others. 'Canada Blanc' and 'Steckby' showed the highest genetic interrelationships. Three 'Robusta' clones and two 'Jacometti' clones were in the same group., The interrelationships among the clones based on allozyme genotypes were in general agreement with their speculated origin and (or) morphology.Key words: Populus × canadensis, allozymes, multilocus genotypes, clone–cultivar identification, clone relationships.

Bovine Platelet Proteins II. Purification of Platelet Fibrinogen

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 419-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. O Solum ◽  
S Łopaciuk
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Ultracentrifugation ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
Disc Electrophoresis ◽  
Plasma Fibrinogen ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Insoluble Material ◽  
High Resolution Power ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Platelet Proteins

Summary1. Platelet fibrinogen has been purified from washed bovine platelets. The procedure was based on the methods for purification of plasma fibrinogen by fractionated precipitations and extractions with ethanol and glycine below 0°, and precipitation of proteins by dimethylformamide at 0°.2. The platelet extract obtained by freezing and thawing of the cells, freed from insoluble material by centrifugation at 23,000 x g for 30 min, contained 0.22 ±0.003mg fibrinogen per 109 platelets. Total protein of this fraction was 0.77 ±0.08 mg per 109 platelets whereas that of the insoluble fraction was 0.79 ±0.09 mg per 109 platelets.3. The most purified platelet fibrinogen fraction contained 91-98% of the protein in a thrombin-clottable state. The yield was approx. 20%. It showed homogeneity in analytical ultracentrifugation, in immunoelectrophoresis using an antiserum produced by immunization of rabbits against platelet extract, and in starch gel electrophoresis using a discontinuous system of Tris HCl and borate buffers offering a high resolution power towards the platelet proteins. Polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis revealed two to three faint lines behind the main fibrinogen line. At least one such line was also observed with purified plasma fibrinogen.

Fractionation of Plasminogen by Starch Gel Electrophoresis

1964 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 126-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl H. Slotta ◽  
J. D Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Caproic Acid ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Full Activity ◽  
Veronal Buffer ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Alkaline Range

SummaryWhen urea or ε-amino caproic acid were used as solublizing agents for plasminogen in electrophoretic experiments, only one broad band of the proenzyme was obtained on acetate cellulose, in starch block, and in acrylamide gel. In starch gel electrophoresis, however, both forms of plasminogen – the native or euglobulin and Kline’s or Pseudoglobulin plasminogen – separated into six bands. These migrated toward the cathode at room temperature in borate or veronal buffer in the alkaline range and showed full activity in fibrinagar-streptokinase plates.

scholarly journals PROTEIN POLYMORPHISMS, SEGREGATION IN GENETIC CROSSES AND GENETIC DISTANCES AMONG FISHES OF THE GENUS XIPHOPHORUS (POECILIIDAE)

Genetics ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-556
Author(s):  
Don C Morizot ◽  
Michael J Siciliano
Keyword(s):  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Interspecific Backcross ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Lower Vertebrate ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Group I ◽  
Starch Gel

ABSTRACT The products of 49 protein-coding loci were examined by starch gel electrophoresis for populational variation in six species of Xiphophorus fishes and/or segregation in intra- and interspecific backcross and intercross hybrids. Electrophoretic variation was observed for 29 of the 35 locus products in a survey of 42 population samples. The highest frequency of polymorphic loci observed in noninbred populations was 0.143. After ten or more generations of inbreeding, all loci studied were monomorphic. Inbred strains generally exhibited the commonest electrophoretic alleles of the population from which they were derived. An assessment of genetic distances among Xiphophorus populations reflected classical systematic relationships and suggested incipient subspeciation between X. maculatus from different drainages as well as several species groups. Thirty-three loci were analyzed with respect to segregation in hybrids. The goodness of fit of segregations to Mendelian expectations at all loci analyzed (except loci in linkage group I) is interpreted as evidence for high genetic compatibility of the genomes of Xiphophorus species. It is anticipated that these data will result in a rapid expansion of the assignment of protein-coding loci to linkage groups in these lower vertebrate species.

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