Associations of Buying-Shopping Disorder Symptoms with Identity Confusion, Materialism, and Socially Undesirable Personality Features in a Community Sample

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Astrid Müller ◽  
Laurence Claes ◽  
Annika Birlin ◽  
Ekaterini Georgiadou ◽  
Nora M. Laskowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Addictive Behaviors ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Identity Confusion ◽  
Financial Misconduct ◽  
Personality Features ◽  
Identity Problems

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> While identity problems and materialistic value endorsement have been described as predisposing factors for buying-shopping disorder (BSD) in the literature, little empirical data are available on the role of socially undesirable personality features that may contribute to financial misconduct and manipulative interpersonal behaviors in BSD. The dark triad of personality refers to such offensive yet non-pathological personality traits and has been applied to addictive behaviors in the past. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the “dark triad” dimensions Machiavellianism, subclinical narcissism, and subclinical psychopathy predict symptoms of BSD above and beyond identity confusion and materialism, or moderate the relationship between materialism and symptoms of BSD. <b><i>Method:</i></b> The participants comprised a convenience sample (<i>N</i> = 272, 72.4% women) aged between 18 and 67 years. Assessment included standard questionnaires for BSD, identity problems, materialism, and the dark triad of personality. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Zero-order correlations indicate a weak association between BSD and the dark triad dimensions Machiavellianism and narcissism, but not psychopathy. Results of a moderated regression analysis with BSD symptoms as a dependent variable revealed significant main effects for materialism, female gender, and a significant “narcissism by materialism” effect, after accounting for identity confusion/synthesis and the single dark triad traits. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The findings suggest that individuals with BSD attempt to address their narcissistic deficits via materialistic possessions. This assumption warrants further investigation in a clinical sample.

Measurement Invariance of the Parent Version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) Across Community and Clinical Populations

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris A. M. Smits ◽  
Meinou H. C. Theunissen ◽  
Sijmen A. Reijneveld ◽  
Maaike H. Nauta ◽  
Marieke E. Timmerman
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Strengths And Difficulties Questionnaire ◽  
Emotional And Behavioral Problems ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Favorable Result ◽  
Strengths And Difficulties ◽  
Parent Version ◽  
Clinical Populations

Abstract. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a popular screening instrument for the detection of social-emotional and behavioral problems in children in community and clinical settings. To sensibly compare SDQ scores across these settings, the SDQ should measure psychosocial difficulties and strengths in the same way across community and clinical populations, that is, the SDQ should be measurement invariant across both populations. We examined whether measurement invariance of the parent version of the SDQ holds using data from a community sample (N = 707) and a clinical sample (N = 931). The results of our analysis suggest that measurement invariance of the SDQ parent version across community and clinical populations is tenable, implying that one can compare the SDQ scores of children across these populations. This is a favorable result since it is common clinical practice to interpret the scores of a clinical individual relative to norm scores that are based on community samples. The findings of this study support the continued use of the parent version of the SDQ in community and clinical settings.

The Structure and Subtypes of Gambling Frequency: An Approach to Studying Associations with Different Gambling Behaviors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spencer Huggett ◽  
Evan Winiger ◽  
Rohan Palmer ◽  
John K. Hewitt ◽  
Robin P. Corley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Gambling Behaviors ◽  
Pathways Model ◽  
The Common ◽  
Gambling Activities ◽  
Gambling Frequency

The multitude of gambling activities corresponds to heterogeneous ways of analyzing behavioral outcomes and may partially underlie the lack of replication in gambling research. The current study incorporated complementary analyses to provide an approach to investigate associations with multi-dimensional gambling data that we demonstrated in a discovery/community sample of 2,116 twins (54.86% female; Mage=24.90) and a replication/clinical sample of 619 siblings (30.37% female; Mage=28.00). Our proposed approach was twofold. First, we used confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) to derive a general gambling frequency measure across eight gambling activities and to test the common liability hypothesis. Second, we conducted latent class analyses (LCAs) to derive gambling frequency subtypes and investigated their theoretical correspondence with the Pathways Model. Our study identified robust support for the common liability hypothesis of gambling, suggesting a shared mechanism for multiple gambling behaviors – including activities controversially defined as “gambling.” Using LCAs, we identified four novel gambling frequency subtypes with analogous behavioral profiles and correlates across samples and some resemblance with the Pathways Model. The subtype with the highest rates of problem gambling had a frequent appetite for particular gambling activities and demonstrated externalizing psychopathology comparable to the “antisocial impulsivist” pathway. Using co-twin control models, we determined that risk-taking, sensation seeking and antisocial personality disorder predicted gambling frequency above and beyond shared genetic and environmental factors. In sum, we illustrated the utility of multi-dimensional statistical techniques for disentangling the structure and typology of different gambling behaviors and discussed our results in context of the psychometric, empirical and theoretical implications.

scholarly journals A Modified CAIDE Risk Score as a Screening Tool for Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Magdalena I. Tolea ◽  
Jaeyeong Heo ◽  
Stephanie Chrisphonte ◽  
James E. Galvin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Predictive Values

Background: Although an efficacious dementia-risk score system, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Dementia (CAIDE) was derived using midlife risk factors in a population with low educational attainment that does not reflect today’s US population, and requires laboratory biomarkers, which are not always available. Objective: Develop and validate a modified CAIDE (mCAIDE) system and test its ability to predict presence, severity, and etiology of cognitive impairment in older adults. Methods: Population consisted of 449 participants in dementia research (N = 230; community sample; 67.9±10.0 years old, 29.6%male, 13.7±4.1 years education) or receiving dementia clinical services (N = 219; clinical sample; 74.3±9.8 years old, 50.2%male, 15.5±2.6 years education). The mCAIDE, which includes self-reported and performance-based rather than blood-derived measures, was developed in the community sample and tested in the independent clinical sample. Validity against Framingham, Hachinski, and CAIDE risk scores was assessed. Results: Higher mCAIDE quartiles were associated with lower performance on global and domain-specific cognitive tests. Each one-point increase in mCAIDE increased the odds of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) by up to 65%, those of AD by 69%, and those for non-AD dementia by >  85%, with highest scores in cases with vascular etiologies. Being in the highest mCAIDE risk group improved ability to discriminate dementia from MCI and controls and MCI from controls, with a cut-off of ≥7 points offering the highest sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. Conclusion: mCAIDE is a robust indicator of cognitive impairment in community-dwelling seniors, which can discriminate well between dementia severity including MCI versus controls. The mCAIDE may be a valuable tool for case ascertainment in research studies, helping flag primary care patients for cognitive testing, and identify those in need of lifestyle interventions for symptomatic control.

Correlates of Youth Suicide Attempters in Australian Community and Clinical Samples

2003 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory L. Carter ◽  
Cathy Issakidis ◽  
Kerrie Clover
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
Suicidal Behaviour ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Community Control ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
Health Related

Objective: This study (i) explores differences between a clinical sample of deliberate selfpoisoning (DSP) patients and a community sample who reported previous attempted suicide (AS); and (ii) examines correlates of suicidal behaviour in these groups compared with a community control group (CC) with no suicidal behaviour. Method: The study design was: case–case, case–control and cross-sectional population studies. A clinical sample of DSP (n = 51), a community sample of AS (n = 31) and a community sample with no suicidal behaviour (n = 842) were used, all aged 18–24 years. The DSP and AS groups were compared on several variables and two logistic regression models were developed for risk of (i) DSP and (ii) AS compared to community controls. Results: The adjusted odds ratios for DSP were: female gender (OR = 5.7, CI = 1.7–19.4), anxiety (OR = 7.4, CI = 2.2–25.1), affective (OR = 23.0, CI = 6.9–76.5), or substance-use disorder (OR = 19.2, CI = 5.6–65.4) and greater mental health related disability (OR = 0.5, CI = 0.3–0.7 for 1 SD decrease). For AS the results were: anxiety (OR = 9.4, CI = 1.7–52.8) or substance-use disorder (OR = 3.0, CI = 1.1–8.7) and greater mental health disability (OR = 0.5, CI = 0.4–0.7). Affective disorder was close to significant for the AS group (OR = 4.0, CI = 0.9–17.1). Conclusions: Correlates of DSP/AS were usually more powerful in the clinical group, but showed a similar pattern of psychiatric disorder and disability factors in both groups, supporting a continuum of risk factors across these groups. Interventions based on modifiable risk factors could target the same factors for public health, primary care or hospital populations: anxiety, depression and substance use disorders and mental health related disability.

scholarly journals The Comorbidity of Psychopathy and Depression: Across Different Ethnic and Sex Groups

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Zlatko Šram
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Positive Direction ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Secondary Psychopathy ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Primary And Secondary Psychopathy

The aim of this research was to examine if comorbid relationships exist between psychopathy and depression in a community sample of different ethnic and sex groups. Based on some previous research, it was hypothesized that psychopathy and depression would be correlated and that secondary psychopathy would be the strongest predictor of depression regardless of different ethnic and sex belongings. The survey was carried out on the adult population in the region of Croatia populated by citizens of Croatian and Serbian minority ethnicity. The equalized convenience sample of 1100 participants, half of which were Croats and half of males. Pearson-product moment correlation coefficients were calculated as a measure of the strength and direction of linear relationships among primary and secondary and depression. In order to determine how well scores on depression could be predicted by primary and secondary psychopathy across different demographic groups, multiple regression analysis were used. It was found that both primary and secondary psychopathy were significantly correlated in a positive direction with depression in different ethnic and sex groups. However, secondary psychopathy was more correlated with depression across different ethnic and sex subsamples. The results of regression analysis revealed that secondary psychopathy was the strongest predictor of depression in all demographic subsamples. After age and school attainment were introduced into regression models, it was shown that a very small percentage of the variance is explained by the sociodemographic variables. The research suggested a significant role of secondary psychopathy in relation to a higher level of psychopathology.

In the Mindset for Change: Self-Reported Quit Attempts are a Product of Discontinuity-Induced Nostalgia and Incremental Beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 405-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Salmon ◽  
Hyoun S. Kim ◽  
Michael J. A. Wohl
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Change ◽  
Implicit Theories ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Gambling Behavior ◽  
Addictive Behaviors ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Moderated Mediation Model ◽  
Quit Attempts ◽  
Initial Session

Despite the low rate of behavior change among those engaged in addictive behaviors, some people can and do initiate change. We propose that attempting to self-regulate addictive behavior is a function of motivation and the belief that behavior is malleable. Specifically, feeling self-discontinuous (i.e., feeling that addiction has fundamentally changed the self) should motivate change by inducing nostalgia for the pre-addicted self. Importantly, we expected that discontinuity- induced nostalgia would only be associated with an attempted change among those who believe that behavior is malleable (i.e., incremental theorists). To test this moderated-mediation model, we recruited a community sample of disordered gamblers (N = 243) to assess self-reported change attempts over time. During the initial session, participants completed measures of self-discontinuity, nostalgia, and implicit theories of behavior. Three months later, participants (N = 120) reported whether they attempted to change their gambling behavior, as well as the method and extent to which they sustained this change. As expected, discontinuity-induced nostalgia was positively associated with an increased likelihood of self-reporting a change attempt, but only when behavior was believed to be malleable, rather than fixed. As very few disordered gamblers take action, these findings suggest novel psychological processes to promote positive behavior change.

Increased Prevalence of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Panic Disorder: Clinical and Theoretical Implications

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 899-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bruce Lydiard
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Dsm Iv

ABSTRACTBackground:Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) are a group of disorders characterized by recurrent gastrointestinal distress for which no structural or biochemical cause can be discerned. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is an FGID estimated to affect 10% to 25% of the United States population. IBS occurs in over 40% of individuals with panic disorder, and in patients with IBS, 25% to 30% have panic disorder, which has led to speculation about possible shared pathophysiology between the two. Less is known about the prevalence of other FGID in individuals with panic disorder.Objective:The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of IBS and all the other FGID in patients with current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) panic disorder.Introduction:We assessed FGIDs in 73 treatment-seeking DSM-IV panic disorder patients via the Diagnostic Interview Questions for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders and made descriptive comparisons with a large convenience sample from an already-completed United States Household Survey (USHS), which employed the same diagnostic criteria.Results:The prevalence of IBS and other FGIDs in both men and women with panic disorder were substantially higher than in the USHS respondents. Women with panic disorder had significantly more functional chest pain than men, but there was no gender difference in IBS. With the exception of functional anorectal and biliary disorders, the FGID prevalences were comparatively higher in panic disorder versus the USHS respondents.Discussion:This survey supports earlier reports of a high prevalence of IBS in individuals with panic disorder and also suggests that the prevalence of several other FGIDs were comparatively high as well. Methodological limitations precluded direct statistical analysis. It may be that commonly overlapping psychiatric and often-painful FGIDs, and extra-intestinal disorders increase the risk for comorbidity in already-affected individuals via shared pathophysiology. One potential model for which there is some evidence for a role in stress, panic disorder, FGIDs and several extra-intestinal functional conditions is dysregulation of corticotropin-releasing factor function.Conclusion:The prevalence of FGIDs in DSM-IV panic disorder was comparatively higher than in USHS respondent community sample, which used similar FGID diagnostic criteria. The cause for the apparent close association of panic disorder with FGID may represent shared pathophysiology. Increased understanding of the mechanism of the overlap may allow for improved treatment of the significant proportion of the population suffering from comorbid psychiatric and functional medical conditions.

scholarly journals Does Evil Prevail? The “Bright” and “Dark” Sides of Personality as Predictors of Adaptive Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro J. Ramos-Villagrasa ◽  
Elena Fernández-del-Río ◽  
Juan Ramón Barrada
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Big Five Personality Traits ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Incremental Validity ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Adaptive Performance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Job Experience ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

The turbulent context in which organizations operate today makes them search for adaptable workers. Previous studies have shown the predictive value of the “Big Five” personality traits on adaptive performance, but some authors suggest extending personality domain with the “dark” traits of personality, that is, Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy (i.e., the “Dark Triad”), and sadism (which, along with the aforementioned traits, composes the “Dark Tetrad”). The present research investigates the incremental validity of the dark traits in the prediction of adaptive performance over the Big Five. The study follows a cross-sectional design with a convenience sample of 613 participants (46% women; mean age 38.78 years, SD = 14.05; mean job experience = 16.93 years, SD = 13.39) from different organizations who fill in a questionnaire with the variables. Our results showed that the Dark Triad improved the predictive model with respect to the Big Five (R2 = 0.202, ΔR2 = 0.030, p < 0.001). The statistically significant predictors were neuroticism (β = −0.127, p = 0.010), openness to experience (β = 0.155, p < 0.001), conscientiousness (β = 0.164, p = 0.001), narcissism (β = 0.134 p < 0.002), and psychopathy (β = −0.137, p = 0.005). The incorporation of sadism did not improve the Dark Triad model (R2 = 0.202, ΔR2= −0.001, p = 0.541).

Population-Level Incidence and Use-Related Factors of Comfort and Orthopedic Accessories Among Older Vehicle Occupants in NSW, Australia

2020 ◽  
pp. 073346482095012
Author(s):  
Raman Sran ◽  
Lisa Keay ◽  
Kristy Coxon ◽  
James McAuley ◽  
Tom Whyte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Point Estimate ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Increased Risk

The proportion of people aged 65 years and older regularly traveling in motor vehicles continues to grow worldwide. In a previous convenience sample, we observed many older people using comfort accessories when traveling in vehicles, and these may contribute to the known increased risk of injury in crashes among older people. In this study, we aimed to estimate population-level use of these devices and examine associations between demographic, health, and travel behavior factors and their use. The point estimate of self-reported use of comfort accessories was 25.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = [19.6%, 31.9%]). Cushions on the vehicle seat were the most common type used (14.3%, 95% CI = [9.7%, 19.0%]), and increasing age, female gender, and frequent vehicle travel were significantly associated with their use. Less frequently used were seat belt padding (10.5%, 95% CI = [6.3%, 14.6%]) and back/neck supports (6.5%, 95% CI = [2.7%, 10.2%]). Back/neck and multiple area pain were significantly associated with the use of the latter.

Disordered Eating Behaviors, Perfectionism And Perseverative Negative Thinking–study In a Clinical Sample

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S431-S431 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.T. Pereira ◽  
E. Monteiro ◽  
P. Castilho ◽  
L. Fonseca ◽  
C. Roque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Eating Attitudes ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Disordered Eating Behaviors ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
The Relationship

IntroductionIn a recent study developed with a community sample, we have found that although PNT mediated the relationship between perfectionist cognitions and bulimic behavior, the effect of perfectionism on other disordered eating dimensions, such as diet, was independent of the PNT levels (Monteiro et al., 2015).ObjectiveTo investigate if PNT mediates the relationship between perfectionism and disordered eating behaviors in a clinical sample.MethodsFifty-two patients with eating disorders/ED (mean age = 22.54 ± 7.637; mean BMI = 20.07 ± 4.192; 14.5% Anorexia Nervosa cases; 7.8% Bulimia Nervosa and 9.0% EDNOS) were assessed with the ED section of the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies and fill in the Portuguese validated versions of Eating Attitudes Test/EAT-25 (to evaluate Bulimic behaviors/BB, Diet and Social pressure to eat), Multidimensional Perfectionism Scales (to evaluate perfectionism composite dimensions Evaluative Concerns/EC and Perfectionistic Strivings/PS) and Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire/PTQ-15 (to evaluate Repetitive Thought/RT, Cognitive interference and unproductiveness/CIU). Only variables significantly correlated with the outcomes (EAT-25_Total and its dimensions) were entered in the regression models. Mediation analyses using Preacher and Hayes bootstrapping methodology were performed.ResultsEC, PS, CIU and RT were significant predictors of EAT_Total. PA, CIU and PR were significant predictors of BB. EC and PS were significant predictors of Diet. CIU partially mediated the relationship between EC and EAT_Total (95% CI = 0.0025–0.3296) and between EC and BB (95% CI = 0.0037–0.1877).ConclusionAlso in a clinical sample, CII, the most pernicious dimension of PNT, mediates the relationship between perfectionism and disordered eating behavior, particularly bulimic behavior; diet is predicted by perfectionism independently of PNT.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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