scholarly journals Gut Microbiota Development: Influence of Diet from Infancy to Toddlerhood

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Martin Frederik Laursen
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharide ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharide

Early life is a critical period as our gut microbiota establishes here and may impact both current and future health. Thus, it is of importance to understand how different factors govern the complex microbial colonization patterns in this period. The gut microbiota changes substantially during infancy and toddlerhood in terms of both taxonomic composition and diversity. This developmental trajectory differs by a variety of factors, including term of birth, mode of birth, intake of antibiotics, presence of furred pets, siblings and family members, host genetics, local environment, geographical location, and maternal and infant/toddler diet. The type of milk feeding and complementary feeding is particularly important in early and late infancy/toddlerhood, respectively. Breastfeeding, due to the supply of human milk oligosaccharide into the gut, promotes the growth of specific human milk oligosaccharide (HMO)-utilizing <i>Bifidobacterium</i> species that dominate the ecosystem as long as the infant is primarily breastfed. These species perform saccharolytic fermentation in the gut and produce metabolites with physiological effects that may contribute to protection against infectious and immune-related diseases. Formula feeding, due to its lack of HMOs and higher protein content, give rise to a more diverse gut microbiota that contains more opportunistic pathogens and results in a more proteolytic metabolism in the gut. Complementary feeding, due to the introduction of dietary fibers and new protein sources, induces a shift in the gut microbiota and metabolism away from the milk-adapted and toward a more mature and diverse adult-like community with increased abundances of short chain fatty acid-producing bacterial taxa. While the physiological implication of these complementary diet-induced changes remains to be established, a few recent studies indicate that an inadequately matured gut microbiota may be causally related to poor growth and development. Further studies are required to expand our knowledge on interactions between diet, gut microbiota, and health in the early life setting.

scholarly journals Maternal Human Milk Oligosaccharide Profile Modulates the Impact of an Intervention with Iron and Galacto-Oligosaccharides in Kenyan Infants

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Paganini ◽  
Mary A. Uyoga ◽  
Guus A.M. Kortman ◽  
Jos Boekhorst ◽  
Sacha Schneeberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Intervention Trial ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharide ◽  
Secretor Status ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharide ◽  
The Impact

There is little data on human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) composition in Sub-Saharan Africa. Iron fortificants adversely affect the infant gut microbiota, while co-provision of prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) mitigates most of the adverse effects. Whether variations in maternal HMO profile can influence the infant response to iron and/or GOS fortificants is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine HMO profiles and the secretor/non-secretor phenotype of lactating Kenyan mothers and investigate their effects on the maternal and infant gut microbiota, and on the infant response to a fortification intervention with 5 mg iron (2.5 mg as sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate and 2.5 mg as ferrous fumarate) and 7.5 g GOS. We studied mother–infant pairs (n = 80) participating in a 4-month intervention trial in which the infants (aged 6.5–9.5 months) received daily a micronutrient powder without iron, with iron or with iron and GOS. We assessed: (1) maternal secretor status and HMO composition; (2) effects of secretor status on the maternal and infant gut microbiota in a cross-sectional analysis at baseline of the intervention trial; and (3) interactions between secretor status and intervention groups during the intervention trial on the infant gut microbiota, gut inflammation, iron status, growth and infectious morbidity. Secretor prevalence was 72% and HMOs differed between secretors and non-secretors and over time of lactation. Secretor status did not predict the baseline composition of the maternal and infant gut microbiota. There was a secretor-status-by-intervention-group interaction on Bifidobacterium (p = 0.021), Z-scores for length-for-age (p = 0.022) and weight-for-age (p = 0.018), and soluble transferrin receptor (p = 0.041). In the no iron group, longitudinal prevalence of diarrhea was higher among infants of non-secretors (23.8%) than of secretors (10.4%) (p = 0.001). In conclusion, HMO profile may modulate the infant gut microbiota response to fortificant iron; compared to infants of secretor mothers, infants of non-secretor mothers may be more vulnerable to the adverse effect of iron but also benefit more from the co-provision of GOS.

scholarly journals Bifidobacterium bifidumATCC 15696 andBifidobacterium breve24b Metabolic Interaction Based on 2′-O-Fucosyl-Lactose Studied in Steady-State Cultures in a Freter-Style Chemostat

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Centanni ◽  
Scott A. Ferguson ◽  
Ian M. Sims ◽  
Ambarish Biswas ◽  
Gerald W. Tannock
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Bifidobacterium Bifidum ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bifidobacterium Breve ◽  
Metabolic Interaction ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharide

ABSTRACTInfants fed breast milk harbor a gut microbiota in which bifidobacteria are generally predominant. The metabolic interactions of bifidobacterial species need investigation because they may offer insight into the colonization of the gut in early life.Bifidobacterium bifidumATCC 15696 hydrolyzes 2′-O-fucosyl-lactose (2FL; a major fucosylated human milk oligosaccharide) but does not use fucose released into the culture medium. However, fucose is a growth substrate forBifidobacterium breve24b, and both strains utilize lactose for growth. The provision of fucose and lactose byB. bifidum(the donor) allowing the growth ofB. breve(the beneficiary) conforms to the concept of syntrophy, but both strains will compete for lactose to multiply. To determine the metabolic impact of this syntrophic/competitive relationship on the donor, the transcriptomes ofB. bifidumwere determined and compared in steady-state monoculture and coculture using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR).B. bifidumgenes upregulated in coculture included those encoding alpha-l-fucosidase and carbohydrate transporters and those involved in energy production and conversion.B. bifidumabundance was the same in coculture as in monoculture, butB. brevedominated the coculture numerically. Cocultures during steady-state growth in 2FL medium produced mostly acetate with little lactate (acetate:lactate molar ratio, 8:1) compared to that in monobatch cultures containing lactose (2:1), which reflected the maintenance of steady-state cells in log-phase growth. Darwinian competition is an implicit feature of bacterial communities, but syntrophy is a phenomenon putatively based on cooperation. Our results suggest that the regulation of syntrophy, in addition to competition, may shape bacterial communities.IMPORTANCEThis study addresses the microbiology and function of a natural ecosystem (the infant bowel) usingin vitroexperimentation with bacterial cultures maintained under controlled growth and environmental conditions. We studied the growth of bifidobacteria whose nutrition centered on the hydrolysis of a human milk oligosaccharide. The results revealed responses relating to metabolism occurring in aBifidobacterium bifidumstrain when it provided nutrients that allowed the growth ofBifidobacterium breve, and so discovered biochemical features of these bifidobacteria in relation to metabolic interaction in the shared environment. These kinds of experiments are essential in developing concepts of bifidobacterial ecology that relate to the development of the gut microbiota in early life.

scholarly journals Human Milk Oligosaccharide Profile Variation Throughout Postpartum in Healthy Women in a Brazilian Cohort

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Lorena Ferreira ◽  
Ronaldo Alves ◽  
Amanda Figueiredo ◽  
Nadya Alves-Santos ◽  
Nathalia Freitas-Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Postpartum Visit ◽  
Maternal Characteristics ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharide ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharide ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Brazilian Cohort ◽  
Non Negative Matrix Factorization

Human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) composition varies throughout lactation and can be influenced by maternal characteristics. This study describes HMO variation up to three months postpartum and explores the influences of maternal sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics in a Brazilian prospective cohort. We followed 101 subjects from 28–35 gestational weeks (baseline) and throughout lactation at 2–8 (visit 1), 28–50 (visit 2) and 88–119 days postpartum (visit 3). Milk samples were collected at visits 1, 2 and 3, and 19 HMOs were quantified usinghigh-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FL). Friedman post-hoc test, Spearman rank correlation for maternal characteristics and HMOs and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) were used to define the HMO profile. Most women were secretors (89.1%) and presented high proportion of 2′-fucosyllactose (2′FL) at all three sample times, while lacto-N-tetraose (LNT, 2–8 days) and lacto-N-fucopentaose II (LNFPII, 28–50 and 88–119 days) were the most abundant HMOs in non-secretor women. Over the course of lactation, total HMO weight concentrations (g/L) decreased, but total HMO molar concentrations (mmol/L) increased, highlighting differential changes in HMO composition over time. In addition, maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and parity influence the HMO composition in healthy women in this Brazilian cohort.

scholarly journals Human norovirus inhibition by a human milk oligosaccharide

Virology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 508 ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Koromyslova ◽  
Shailesh Tripathi ◽  
Vasily Morozov ◽  
Horst Schroten ◽  
Grant S. Hansman
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharide ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharide

scholarly journals Successional stages in infant gut microbiota maturation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leen Beller ◽  
Ward Deboutte ◽  
Gwen Falony ◽  
Sara Vieira Silva ◽  
Raul Tito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Maturation Stage ◽  
Gut Flora ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Gut Colonization ◽  
Maturation Stages ◽  
Colonization Process ◽  
First Year Of Life

Background: Disturbances in the primary colonization of the infant gut can result in life-long consequences and have been associated with a range of host conditions. Although early life factors have been shown to affect the infant gut microbiota development, our current understanding of the human gut colonization in early life remains limited. To gain more insights in the unique dynamics of this rapidly evolving ecosystem, we investigated the microbiota over the first year of life in eight densely sampled infants (total number of samples, n=303). To evaluate gut microbiota maturation transition towards an adult configuration, we compared the microbiome composition of the infants to the Flemish Gut Flora Project population (n=1,106). Results: We observed the infant gut microbiota to mature through three distinct, conserved stages of ecosystem development. Across these successional gut microbiota maturation stages, genus predominance was observed to shift from Escherichia over Bifidobacterium to Bacteroides. Both disease and antibiotic treatment were observed to be associated occasionally with gut microbiota maturation stage regression, a transient setback in microbiota maturation dynamics. Although the studied microbiota trajectories evolved to more adult-like constellations, microbiome community typing against the background of the Flemish Gut Flora Project (FGFP) cohort clustered all infant samples within the (in adults) potentially dysbiotic Bact2 enterotype. Conclusion: We confirmed similarities between infant gut microbial colonization and adult dysbiosis. A profound knowledge about the primary gut colonization process in infants might provide crucial insights into how the secondary colonization of a dysbiotic adult gut can be redirected.

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