The Karez Concept in Ancient Chinese Sources Myth or Reality?

T oung Pao ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Éric Trombert
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Present Article ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Han Chinese ◽  
Core Area ◽  
Cette Technique ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
The Core

AbstractThe karez (or qanât) is an ancient kind of underground waterworks that can be found still working from Iran to Morocco and, in present-day China, in Xinjiang (mostly in the Turfan Basin). In western countries and in the Middle East, historians generally consider the Iranian world as the core area of karez since the Achaemenid era (550-330 BC). In China, however, the prevailing theory concerning the origins of the karez technology in Xinjiang is that it was developed elsewhere in China's Central Plain and then imported with some minor modifications. This article intends to demonstrate that this was not the case and that the technique was unknown in the western regions at the height of the Han Chinese presence in Xinjiang in the late 8th century. This conclusion is confirmed by examining the historical process of the development of the karez technique as it is known through Qing sources. It started no sooner than the early 19th century and was related to the Qing colonial enterprise in the western regions. Le karez (ou qanât) est un type ancien d'aménagement hydraulique souterrain dont on trouve encore des exemples en activité de l'Iran au Maroc, et, en Chine aujourd'hui, au Xinjiang (principalement dans le bassin de Turfan). Dans les pays occidentaux et au Moyen Orient les historiens considèrent généralement le monde iranien comme la zone centrale des karez depuis l'époque achéménide (550-330 av. J.-C.). En Chine, en revanche, la théorie prédominante concernant l'origine de la technique des karez au Xinjiang veut que celle-ci ait été développée ailleurs dans la Plaine Centrale, pour être ensuite importée avec quelques modifications mineures. Le présent article entend démontrer que tel n'a pas été le cas et que cette technique était inconnue dans les régions occidentales à l'apogée de la présence chinoise au Xinjiang, à la fin du VIIIe siècle. Cette conclusion est confirmée par l'examen du processus historique de développement de la technique des karez telle qu'on la connaît à travers les sources d'époque Qing. Elle n'est pas apparue avant le début du XIXe siècle et doit être mise en relation avec l'entreprise coloniale des Qing dans les régions occidentales.

Active and Passive Citizenship in the Arab World

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roel Meijer
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Active Citizenship ◽  
Passive Mode ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Citizenship Regimes

This article argues that the current crisis of relations between states and citizens in the Arab Middle East cannot just be traced to the rise of postcolonial authoritarian regimes but further back, to the rise of the modern state in the early 19th century. The development of modern citizenship regimes has not empowered citizens, it has instead led to a more passive mode of citizenship. After a historical discussion of the various ruling bargains in modern regional history, the article concludes with a discussion of ongoing protests demanding more active citizenship regimes.

About Emmanuel Vaskidovich`s “Kratko izlozhenie za soedinenieto na dvete uchilishta Svishtovski, uchilishteto na bozhestvenoto preobrazhenie i sveti apostoli”, or the first published communities’ statute

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 574-588
Author(s):  
Dora Savova
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Greek Orthodox ◽  
Early 19Th Century

The publication of Emanuel Vaskidovitch „Kratko izlozhenie za saedinenieto na dvete uchilishta Svishtovski“ is known to the researchers, as an application of “Hristiyansko pouchenie ili sokrashtenie na Sveshtenniyata katihisisa” however to this day no researcher has commented upon the master copies which have been used for the making of the publication. „Kratko izlozhenie“ in essence, it’s the first printed draft for the communities` statute in the Bulgarian language. In the present article I demonstrate my thesis, that the author adjusts the only known published statute of Greek Orthodox community from the early 19th century „Sistyma i diatagai“, compounded from Melenikon’s citizens in 1813 is made known to the Bulgarian public. Source of unmatched value, this statute provides us with precious information for the development of the subsidiarity, for the entry of social elements in the Melenikon’s administration, as for the rules which this happens.

scholarly journals The Formation of the Bhikṣu Ordination in 19th Century Chosŏn Korea: Focusing on the Ten Wholesome Precepts of the Monk Paekp’a

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 252
Author(s):  
Ja-rang Lee
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The Core ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Korean Buddhism ◽  
Choson Korea ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

Ordination can be said to be the core of Buddhism and maintaining this tradition is the key to maintaining Buddhism. This was the realization of the monastics in early 19th century Korea such as Paekp’a (1767–1852), Taeŭn (1780–1841), and Manha (d.u.) who were the pioneers in reviving the ordination tradition at a time when the saṃgha must have suffered a severe decline of this all too important tradition. Among these three monks, there were some commonalities such as the common geography of Chirisan area in the Hoam region where they started this movement and the fact that Paekp’a and Taeŭn, belonged to the Pyŏngyang lineal clan, the lineal descendants of the great masters Hyujŏng and P’yŏnyang. The effort to revitalize the ordination tradition by Paekp’a and other monks were successful in establishing their lineal clan and, at the same time, significantly contributed to securing their lineage within the history of Korea Buddhism. However, because Paekp’a’s method of the ten wholesome precepts was seen to be different from the traditional methods of ordination, its influence was. Taeŭn’s methods, on the other hand, by borrowing notions from the Brahmā’s Net Sutra which allowed monks to revitalize their lineal clan through one’s own effort, drew support from eminent monks and became widely practiced. Similarly, the lineage that was formed by Manha by traveling to China on being recognized for its legitimacy came to be established as part of the mainline of Korean Buddhism. While such methods were successful in responding to the dire situation of the early 19th century, this movement also provided the foundation for the continuation to the modern period the traditional orthodox lineage that was started some 300 years earlier.

scholarly journals “Observers of the East”: Russian Travelers about Visiting Syria, Egypt and Palestine in the First Half of the 19th Century

2019 ◽  
pp. 22-34
Author(s):  
Ольга Петрунина ◽  
Ol'ga Petrunina
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The Core ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper focuses on the findings obtained in the course of the trips to the Middle East by people from various social layers of Russia. Whether the core purpose of the trip was pilgri­mage, business or science — they all engaged in an in-depth and diverse study of the visited areas: history, geography, demography, etc. The trips were often initiated and assisted by the Russian diplomatic mission, which needed urgent up-to-date information about the region in the conditions of the underdeveloped consulate network.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTASI DATA STORAGE SERVER PADA JARINGAN INTERNET MENGGUNAKAN OWNCLOUD

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiqri Fakhrizal
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Traditional Education ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Storage Server ◽  
Modern Education

This article deals with Islamic education and modernityin the Middle East. Modern education began to beknown in Egypt since the advent of Napoleon Bonapartein the early 19th century in this country. However, it wasin the epoch of Muhammad Ali that the transision fromtraditional education to modern education began.Further, in the time of Ismail Pasya due to educationreorganization, traditional education began to competewith secular-modern education.

scholarly journals SEKULARISME SEBAGAI TANTANGAN DAKWAH KONTEMPORER

Al-Risalah ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Lukman Ma'sa
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Islamic Religion ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Muslim Communities

The secularization project in the Islamic world has been going on for quite a long time, starting in the early 19th century, this ideology was under the rule of the western countries that colonized Muslim countries. likewise in Indonesia, this secularism under the Dutch colonialists. The Netherlands collaborates with Orientalist and Christian missionaries trying to secularize Indonesian Muslim communities. of course this secularization project has been opposed by Islamic figures. This paper tries to examine and describe secularism as an ideology and secularization process in Indonesia from the perspective of da'wah. the results of this paper prove that secularism is contrary to Islam, even wants to eliminate the role of Islamic religion in life. but ironically many Muslims who follow and have a secular understanding, they reject and blaspheme the Shari'ah, doubting the authenticity of the Qur'an, even do not believe in Islam as a true religion. of course this is a very serious da'wah problems, which requires serious attention and care from preachers (da’i) , ulama, and also da'wah institutions.

Concepts of the Renaissance, c. 1780–c. 1920

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Early Music ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The Arts ◽  
The First World War ◽  
One Step ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First World

As time passes, history has been divided and subdivided, the ancient and the modern separated by the medieval, the modern succeeded by the post-modern. If the 19th century, its science, industry and innovation was “modern,” could it really be only one step along the evolutionary path from “medieval” superstition? The concept of the Renaissance provided a neat transition, European society and culture renewing itself, reviving itself after centuries of “medieval” gloom, thereby giving birth to the modern world. The 19th-century renaissance of the Renaissance has proved to be a fruitful area of study, as indicated by numerous Reference Works and Overviews, and confirmed by Broader Surveys, Collections of Papers and Journals. After those general categories, the present article adopts a roughly chronological pattern beginning with Rinascita before “Renaissance” in the late 18th and early 19th century. Thereafter geographical divisions emerge, first with Romanticism and Renaissance in France and then The Arts in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Britain. The section c. 1860 has been created to highlight works contemporary with and often overshadowed by the most influential concept of the Renaissance, that of Jacob Burckhardt (b. 1819–d. 1897), whose significance requires that Burckhardt and His Legacy be divided into Texts and Analysis, with an additional subsection on the museum director Wilhelm von Bode. Burchkardt’s Kultur der Renaissance in Italien was published in 1860, but at the risk of confusion is cited as Burckhardt 1990 in the present article. It made relatively little impact during its creator’s lifetime, enabling Pater, Symonds, and Their Contemporaries to establish their own concepts of the Renaissance. By the 1880s the Renaissance was so clearly accepted as something centered on Italy and its visual arts that enthusiasts flocked there, some taking up permanent residence as Expatriates in Italy. Meanwhile, French, German, and British concepts of the Renaissance found echoes in Other Nations. Renaissance Artists and Their Cults—the term is deliberate, reflecting an unprecedented mania—were increasingly apparent as the 19th century passed, and in turn encouraged a Renaissance emphasis in the International Art Market. Thereafter, Architecture and Horticulture is the fifth consecutive section to include works by, about, or inspired by Bernard Berenson (b. 1865–d. 1959). Music accounts for appropriate aspects of the early music revival, while Histories and Biographies identifies use of the term “Renaissance” in other subject areas. Enthusiasm for the Renaissance was characteristic of the Belle Époque, so the final section of this article inquires after The Waning of the Renaissance? in the decade of the First World War.

The Kitajskaja grammatika (1835) and Bičurin’s ideas on the “mechanism” of Chinese between European and Chinese grammatical traditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-77
Author(s):  
Anna Di Toro
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
Early 19Th Century

The main contribution of Bičurin in the field of Chinese language, the Kitajskaja grammatika (1835), is still quite understudied, even though it represents the first grammar of Chinese written in Russian. Through a rapid overview of some of the early grammars of Chinese written by European authors and the analysis of some sections of the book, in which the Russian sinologist expounds the mechanism of Chinese, the paper dwells on the original ideas on this language developed by the Russian sinologist, inspired both by European and Chinese grammatical traditions. A particular attention is devoted to Bičurin’s concept of “mental modification”, related to the linguistic ideas discussed in Europe in the early 19th century.

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