scholarly journals Both aggressive and affiliative behaviour facilitate resource access in high-ranking female long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis)

Behaviour ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 157 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 267-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne M. Overduin-de Vries ◽  
Han de Vries ◽  
Marjolijn M. Vermande ◽  
Albert H.A. Reijntjes ◽  
Elisabeth H.M. Sterck
Keyword(s):  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Social Resources ◽  
Social Tolerance ◽  
Resource Access ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Access Path ◽  
Path Models

Abstract Access to limited resources may be achieved by dominance as well as by high rates of aggressive and affiliative behaviour. We investigated the relative effectiveness of dominance rank and aggressive and affiliative behaviour in accessing three material and three social resources. Aggressive and affiliative behaviour of 24 female long-tailed macaques was scored along with their success in resource access. Path models revealed that high-ranking individuals have more access to resources than low-ranking ones through their employment of both aggressive and affiliative behaviour. Physical aggression was effective in accessing two material resources (food and enrichment). Affiliative behaviour was effective in accessing one material (co-drinking) and one social (tolerance) resource. In conclusion, since aggressive behaviour was effective in accessing two material resources, while affiliative behaviour increased access to both a material and a social resource, affiliative behaviour is at least as important as aggressive behaviour for high-ranking individuals to access resources.

Social behaviour and susceptibility to infection in house mice (Mus musculus): effects of group size, aggressive behaviour and status-related hormonal responses prior to infection on resistance toBabesia microti

Parasitology ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 108 (5) ◽  
pp. 487-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Barnard ◽  
J. M. Behnke ◽  
J. Sewell
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Babesia Microti ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Corticosterone Concentration ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection

SummaryAssociations between social rank, immunodepression and resistance toBabesia microtiinfection within single-sex groups of male house mice suggest rank-dependent suites of response involving different hormonal and immune changes in relation to aggressive behaviour and group size prior to infection. Reduced resistance among high-ranking males was associated with increased serum testosterone and corticosterone concentration and reduced serum immunoglobulin, but was independent of group size. Among low-ranking males, hormonal changes were not associated with resistance toB. microtibut changes in corticosterone concentration and measures of immunodepression increased with group size and aggressive behaviour. The results concur with earlier findings suggesting differences between high- and low-ranking mice in their physiological responses to social experience and consequently reduced resistance toB. microtiinfection among high-ranking individuals.

Socially tolerant relationships among wild male moor macaques (Macaca maura)

Behaviour ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 151 (7) ◽  
pp. 1021-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin P. Riley ◽  
Cristina Sagnotti ◽  
Monica Carosi ◽  
Ngakan Putu Oka
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
High Symmetry ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Social Tolerance ◽  
Affiliative Behavior ◽  
Moor Macaques ◽  
Contact Hours ◽  
Social Style

Researchers are increasingly documenting the existence of social tolerance and affiliative behavior among primate males, including in male-dispersing species. We investigated the nature of male social relationships in a relatively understudied macaque species, the moor macaque (Macaca maura), in order to expand our knowledge of male social relationships in male dispersing primates. The classification of social styles for primates rests largely on data about female social relationships. Therefore, by providing data on male–male relationships, we also contribute to our understanding of social style variation within the genus Macaca. Observations were conducted on a wild yet well-habituated group in Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. We collected focal animal and ad libitum data on four adult males, recording social behavior during 209 contact hours over two field seasons in 2010 and 2011. The adult male moor macaques in this study did not interact frequently. Interactions that did occur more frequently involved affiliation rather than aggression, with greetings being the most common form of interaction. Greetings occurred in a predominately neutral context and were more common between specific males with uncertain or ambiguous dominance relationships and low-quality relationships, but the initiation of greetings was not linked to dominance rank. These results suggest that greetings enable males to communicate information about their willingness to invest in the relationship, representing one way for adult males to ease social tension and build social bonds. To expand our understanding of social style variation in Macaca, we compared our data to those published for other macaque taxa. In the present study, the observed pattern of aggression (i.e., low rate, low to moderate intensity and high symmetry) was consistent with the species’ social style classification as highly tolerant. The relatively low grooming rate and low percentage of counteraggression, however, were more consistent with the social style of less tolerant taxa. Further research is needed to determine what factors explain this pattern of social tolerance among male moor macaques.

Plasma Testosterone, Dominance Rank and Aggressive Behaviour in Male Rhesus Monkeys

Nature ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 231 (5302) ◽  
pp. 366-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT M. ROSE ◽  
JOHN W. HOLADAY ◽  
IRWIN S. BERNSTEIN
Keyword(s):  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Plasma Testosterone ◽  
Male Rhesus

Is the Body Special? Review of Cécile Fabre, Whose Body is it Anyway? Justice and the Integrity of the Person

Utilitas ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
NIR EYAL
Keyword(s):  
Social Resources ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Redistributive Taxation ◽  
Special Review

Both left libertarians, who support the redistribution of income and wealth through taxation, and right libertarians, who oppose redistributive taxation, share an important view: that, looming catastrophes aside, the state must never redistribute any part of our body or our person without our consent. Cécile Fabre rejects that view. For her, just as the undeservedly poor have a just claim to money from their fellow citizens in order to lead a minimally flourishing life (here Fabre sides with left libertarians), the undeservedly ‘medically poor’ have a just claim to help from fellow citizens in order to lead such a life. Such obligatory help may in principle involve even the supply of body parts for transplantation. The state ought to exact such resources from the medically rich whenever doing so would secure the prospect of a minimally flourishing life to the medically poor without denying that prospect to anyone else. Fabre criticizes Ronald Dworkin's belief in ‘a prophylactic line that comes close to making the body inviolate, that is, making body parts not parts of social resources at all’. For her, ‘Duties to help . . . do not stop at material resources: they involve the body . . . in invasive ways’ (p. 119).

scholarly journals Comparing proportional and ordinal dominance ranks reveals multiple competitive landscapes in an animal society

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily J Levy ◽  
Matthew N Zipple ◽  
Emily McLean ◽  
Fernando A Campos ◽  
Mauna Dasari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Studies ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Dominance Hierarchies ◽  
Resource Access ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Competitive Environments ◽  
Animal Societies ◽  
Better Than

AbstractAcross group-living animals, linear dominance hierarchies lead to disparities in access to resources, health outcomes, and reproductive performance. Studies of how dominance rank affects these outcomes typically employ one of several dominance rank metrics without examining the assumptions each metric makes about its underlying competitive processes. Here we compare the ability of two dominance rank metrics—ordinal rank and proportional or ‘standardized’ rank—to predict 20 distinct traits in a well-studied wild baboon population in Amboseli, Kenya. We propose that ordinal rank best predicts outcomes when competition is density-dependent, while proportional rank best predicts outcomes when competition is density-independent. We found that for 75% (15/20) of the traits, one of the two rank metrics performed better than the other. Strikingly, all male traits were better predicted by ordinal than by proportional rank, while female traits were evenly split between being better predicted by proportional or ordinal rank. Hence, male and female traits are shaped by different competitive regimes: males’ competitive environments are largely driven by density-dependent resource access (e.g., access to estrus females), while females’ competitive environments are shaped by both density-independent resource access (e.g. distributed food resources) and density-dependent resource access. However, traits related to competition for social and mating partners are an exception to this sex-biased pattern: these traits were better predicted by ordinal rank than by proportional rank for both sexes. We argue that this method of comparing how different rank metrics predict traits of interest can be used as a way to distinguish between different competitive processes operating in animal societies.

scholarly journals SOCIAL SUPPORT AND SOCIAL RESOURCES PREDICTING LIFE SATISFACTION AMONG CENTENARIANS AND OCTOGENARIANS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S174-S174
Author(s):  
Rotem Arieli ◽  
Peter Martin ◽  
Leonard Poon
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Social Resources ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Old People ◽  
High Life Satisfaction ◽  
Path Models ◽  
Cognitively Intact ◽  
Social Provisions ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Although much research has assessed the relationship between social support and life satisfaction for older adults, there is little information on how social support predicts life satisfaction over and above social resources among very old people. The purpose of this research was to determine pathways from demographic variables, social resources, and social support to life satisfaction. Data from 208 cognitively-intact centenarians and octogenarians of the Georgia Centenarian Study (GCS) were analyzed using multiple regression analyses to evaluate pathways from social resources via social support to life satisfaction. Three different models were analyzed in the GCS sample: one with a combined group of octogenarians and centenarians, one with only octogenarians, and one with only centenarians. Path models included: demographic variables (gender, ethnicity, residential type, and age in years) to social resources to social provisions to life satisfaction. Results in the combined older adult group showed that residence type significantly predicted social resources, β = -.26, p < .01, social resources significantly predicted social provisions, β =.15, p < .05, and social provisions significantly predicted life satisfaction, β =.15, p < .05. Results in the centenarian sample showed that both residence type and age significantly predicted social resources, β =-.19, p < .05, and β = -.17, p = .05, respectively, and social resources significantly predicted social provisions, β = .18, p = .05. Overall, results indicate the uniqueness of the centenarian population and their paths to high life satisfaction through social resources and support.

scholarly journals Limited Space: Elderly People's Meanings of the City in the Time of Pandemic

Inter ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-40
Author(s):  
Konstantin Galkin
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Large City ◽  
Social Resources ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Empirical Basis ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Limited Space ◽  
The City

The study examines the specifics of changes in the meanings of the city in interviews with older people. The author shows what restrictions in the use of material and social resources exist in urban spaces, how these restrictions are interrelated and how they create peculiarities in the interpretation of the meanings of cities by older people. The empirical basis of the study was 20 semi-structured interviews and 15 observation diaries with elderly people from St. Petersburg and Petrozavodsk, which were collected during the COVID-19 pandemic from April 14 to June 1, 2020. The key findings of the study relate to the different interpretations of urban spaces present in the locations where the study was conducted; secondly, how the limited material resources of the city and the perceived tightness of older people within one space affect social resources. In addition, the question is raised as to how the lack of material resources can be compensated through social resources, such as volunteer assistance. The presence of volunteers is limited in various cities, and restrictions on the provision of volunteer assistance are a serious problem for a large city of regional significance — Petrozavodsk.

scholarly journals Social rank overrides environmental and community fluctuations in determining meat access by female chimpanzees in the Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Riedel ◽  
Leo Polansky ◽  
Roman M. Wittig ◽  
Christophe Boesch
Keyword(s):  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
National Park ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Female Dominance ◽  
Meat Eating ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
Taï National Park ◽  
Female Chimpanzee ◽  
Tai National Park

Meat, long hypothesized as an important food source in human evolution, is still a substantial component of the modern human diet, with some humans relying entirely on meat during certain times of the year. Understanding the socio-ecological context leading to the successful acquisition and consumption of meat by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), our closest living relative, can provide insight into the emergence of this trait because humans and chimpanzees are unusual among primates in that they both (i) hunt mammalian prey, (ii) share meat with community members, and (iii) form long-term relationships and complex social hierarchies within their communities. However, females in both human hunter-gatherer societies as well as chimpanzee groups rarely hunt, instead typically accessing meat via males that share meat with group members. In general, female chimpanzee dominance rank affects feeding competition, but so far, the effect of female dominance rank on meat access found different results within and across studied chimpanzee groups. Here we contribute to the debate on how female rank influences meat access while controlling for several socio-ecological variables. Multivariate analyses of 773 separate meat-eating events collected over more than 25 years from two chimpanzee communities located in the Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire, were used to test the importance of female dominance rank for being present at, and for acquiring meat, during meat-eating events. We found that high-ranking females were more likely to be present during a meat-eating event and, in addition, were more likely to eat meat compared to the subordinates. These findings were robust to both large demographic changes (decrease of community size) and seasonal ecological changes (fruit abundance dynamics). In addition to social rank, we found that other female properties had a positive influence on presence to meat-eating events and access to meat given presence, including oestrus status, nursing of a small infant, and age. Similar to findings in other chimpanzee populations, our results suggest that females reliably acquire meat over their lifetime despite rarely being active hunters. The implication of this study supports the hypothesis that dominance rank is an important female chimpanzee property conferring benefits for the high-ranking females.

scholarly journals Behavioural patterns of vocal greeting production in four primate species

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 182181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawel Fedurek ◽  
Christof Neumann ◽  
Yaëlle Bouquet ◽  
Stéphanie Mercier ◽  
Martina Magris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Vervet Monkeys ◽  
Dyadic Relationships ◽  
Papio Anubis ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
Vocal Behaviour ◽  
Chlorocebus Pygerythrus ◽  
Species Specific

Social animals have evolved a range of signals to avoid aggressive and facilitate affiliative interactions. Vocal behaviour is especially important in this respect with many species, including various primates, producing acoustically distinct ‘greeting calls’ when two individuals approach each other. While the ultimate function of greeting calls has been explored in several species, little effort has been made to understand the mechanisms of this behaviour across species. The aim of this study was to explore how differences in individual features (individual dominance rank), dyadic relationships (dominance distance and social bond strength) and audience composition (presence of high-ranking or strongly bonded individuals in proximity), related to vocal greeting production during approaches between two individuals in the philopatric sex of four primate species: female olive baboons (Papio anubis), male chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), female sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) and female vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus). We found that female vervet monkeys did not produce greeting calls, while in the other three species, low-ranking individuals were more likely to call than high-ranking ones. The effects of dyadic dominance relationships differed in species-specific ways, with calling being positively associated with the rank distance between two individuals in baboons and chimpanzees, but negatively in mangabeys. In none of the tested species did we find strong evidence for an effect of dyadic affiliative relationships or audience on call production. These results likely reflect deeper evolutionary layers of species-specific peculiarities in social style. We conclude that a comparative approach to investigate vocal behaviour has the potential to not only better understand the mechanisms mediating social signal production but also to shed light on their evolutionary trajectories.

scholarly journals A comparison of dominance rank metrics reveals multiple competitive landscapes in an animal society

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1934) ◽  
pp. 20201013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily J. Levy ◽  
Matthew N. Zipple ◽  
Emily McLean ◽  
Fernando A. Campos ◽  
Mauna Dasari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Studies ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Dominance Hierarchies ◽  
Resource Access ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Rank Metric ◽  
Animal Societies ◽  
Better Than

Across group-living animals, linear dominance hierarchies lead to disparities in access to resources, health outcomes and reproductive performance. Studies of how dominance rank predicts these traits typically employ one of several dominance rank metrics without examining the assumptions each metric makes about its underlying competitive processes. Here, we compare the ability of two dominance rank metrics—simple ordinal rank and proportional or ‘standardized’ rank—to predict 20 traits in a wild baboon population in Amboseli, Kenya. We propose that simple ordinal rank best predicts traits when competition is density-dependent, whereas proportional rank best predicts traits when competition is density-independent. We found that for 75% of traits (15/20), one rank metric performed better than the other. Strikingly, all male traits were best predicted by simple ordinal rank, whereas female traits were evenly split between proportional and simple ordinal rank. Hence, male and female traits are shaped by different competitive processes: males are largely driven by density-dependent resource access (e.g. access to oestrous females), whereas females are shaped by both density-independent (e.g. distributed food resources) and density-dependent resource access. This method of comparing how different rank metrics predict traits can be used to distinguish between different competitive processes operating in animal societies.

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