The Battle of Thukela (Ndondakusuka), 17 April 1838

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-143
Author(s):  
Michał Leśniewski
Keyword(s):  
Boer War ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Internal Conflicts

Abstract The Battle of Thukela was an important Zulu victory during the early stages of the Zulu-Boer War of 1838–1840; despite this there are few studies on this battle. This silence on the battle points to the need to fill this gap, particularly as the battle shows Zulu tactical ingenuity. In addition, this work seeks to better appreciate the role of the Zulu commander, Nongalaza kaNondela and his co-commanders, whose generalship was crucial to the Zulu victory. They used the typical Zulu order creatively showing tactical imagination and ability to improvise on the battlefield. Finally, this work also shows the role and importance of the Port Natal community in the early stages of the war and motives of their co-operation with Boers as well as the internal conflicts among the Port Natal hunter-traders.

Deconstructing the Myth of the Deaths of Piet and Dirk Uys

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Michał Leśniewski
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Boer War ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Classical Studies

Abstract The Battle of eThaleni was an important Zulu victory during the early stages of the Zulu-Boer War of 1838–1840. There is a surprisingly large number of studies on this battle, yet most focus on the deaths of Piet and Dirk Uys, and the heroic circumstances of their deaths, rather than on the battle itself. The lack of classical studies on this battle has led to the persistence of several assumptions concerning this battle and the causes of the Voortrekker defeat. Among these are the crucial role played in the defeat by the conflict between Potgieter and P.L. Uys, and Potgieter’s over-cautiousness during the battle, which supposedly put P.L. Uys in danger and led to his death. The goal of this text is to discuss and question these assumptions. The author argues that blame should be more evenly distributed, and that P.L. Uys was no less responsible than Potgieter for the defeat. Moreover, this text seeks to better appreciate the role of the Zulu commander, Nzobo kaSobadli, whose generalship was crucial to the Zulu victory.

Orthodoxy and Authority

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander O'Hara
Keyword(s):  
Seventh Century ◽  
Internal Conflicts

The fight against religious deviance and heresy was among the missionary activities of Columbanus’s followers, but the struggle for orthodoxy was also a problem the community had to face, most notably during the Agrestius affair after his death. In 626 Eustasius of Luxeuil had to answer charges of religious deviance at a council in Mâcon. In the end, the abbot of Luxeuil and his counterpart were forced to reconcile, but the conflict still smoldered. This chapter sheds light on the tensions between the missions among the gentes and the role of allegations of heresy in the internal conflicts of the Columbanian community in the 620s against the backdrop of the wider worries about orthodoxy in the seventh century. It also addresses the textual dimension of the issue and tries to illuminate the reasons for how Jonas of Bobbio presents Eustasius and the Agrestius affair in the Vita Columbani.

Injecting Knowledge

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Dacome
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Anatomical Models ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Cabinet Of Curiosities

Chapter 7 furthers the analysis of the role of anatomical models as cultural currencies capable of transferring value. It does so by expanding the investigation of the early stages of anatomical modelling to include a new setting. In particular, it follows the journey of the Palermitan anatomist and modeller Giuseppe Salerno and his anatomical ‘skeleton’—a specimen that represented the body’s complex web of blood vessels and was presented as the result of anatomical injections. Although Salerno was headed towards Bologna, a major centre of anatomical modelling, he ended his journey in Naples after the nobleman Raimondo di Sangro purchased the skeleton for his own cabinet of curiosities. This chapter considers the creation and viewing of an anatomical display in di Sangro’s Neapolitan Palace from a comparative perspective that highlights how geography and locality played an important part in shaping the culture of mid-eighteenth-century anatomical modelling.

Limited Influence? The Role of the Party of European Socialists in Shaping Social Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Holmes ◽  
Simon Lightfoot
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Social Democracy ◽  
Social Democratic ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
European Norm ◽  
Democratic Parties ◽  
Social Democratic Parties

AbstractThis article looks at the role of the Party of European Socialists (PES) in its attempts to shape social democratic parties in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) towards a West European norm. It discusses how existing views in the academic literature on the role of transnational parties are inadequate. We argue that the PES did not play a key role in encouraging the establishment and development of parties in the CEE states from the 2004 enlargement in the early stages of accession. We contend that the overall influence of party federations has been limited, and that these limitations were as much in evidence before enlargement took place as they were afterwards.

The role of digital artefacts in early stages of distributed innovation processes

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 104349
Author(s):  
Markus C. Becker ◽  
Francesco Rullani ◽  
Francesco Zirpoli
Keyword(s):  
Early Stages ◽  
Innovation Processes

scholarly journals A Gnotobiotic Model to Examine Plant and Microbiome Contributions to Survival under Arsenic Stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
María del Carmen Molina ◽  
James F. White ◽  
Sara García-Salgado ◽  
M. Ángeles Quijano ◽  
Natalia González-Benítez
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Endophytic Bacteria ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Bacterial Interaction ◽  
Arsenic Stress ◽  
Free Media

So far, the relative importance of the plant and its microbiome in the development of early stages of plant seedling growth under arsenic stress has not been studied. To test the role of endophytic bacteria in increasing plant success under arsenic stress, gnotobiotic seeds of J. montana were inoculated with two endophytic bacteria: Pantoea conspicua MC-K1 (PGPB and As resistant bacteria) and Arthrobacter sp. MC-D3A (non-helper and non-As resistant bacteria) and an endobacteria mixture. In holobiotic seedlings (with seed-vectored microbes intact), neither the capacity of germination nor development of roots and lateral hairs was affected at 125 μM As(V). However, in gnotobiotic seedlings, the plants are negatively impacted by absence of a microbiome and presence of arsenic, resulting in reduced growth of roots and root hairs. The inoculation of a single PGPB (P. conspicua-MCK1) shows a tendency to the recovery of the plant, both in arsenic enriched and arsenic-free media, while the inoculation with Arthrobacter sp. does not help in the recovery of the plants. Inoculation with a bacterial mixture allows recovery of plants in arsenic free media; however, plants did not recover under arsenic stress, probably because of a bacterial interaction in the mixture.

The ECOMOG Initiative in Liberia: A Liberian Perspective

1993 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 74-83
Author(s):  
S. Byron Tarr
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
West African ◽  
Security System ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Internal Conflicts ◽  
Cooperative Security ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Monitoring Group ◽  
Inter State

This is a Liberian perspective on the unique initiative by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to resolve the Liberian conflict by organizing and deploying a Peace Monitoring Group in Liberia. It considers whether ECOWAS’ initiative can become a self-reliant security system that can end a civil war and institutionalize deterrence to subregional inter-state and internal conflicts. Can this self-generated, West African initiative set the stage for democratization? Is the initiative the start of an inter-African cooperative security system? Is the model of Nigerian leadership a harbinger of a regional hegemony in the making? Is the modest role of the USA constructive in resolving the conflict, in light of the fact that Liberia is a country with which the USA has had an historic relationship?

Conserved segmental expression of Krox-20 in the vertebrate hindbrain and its relationship to lineage restriction

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 59-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Angela Nieto ◽  
Leila C. Bradley ◽  
David G. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Zinc Finger ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Zinc Finger Gene ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Early Expression ◽  
Segmental Expression

The zinc-finger gene Krox-20 is expressed in two alternating segments, rhombomeres (r) 3 and 5, in the developing mouse hindbrain. This expression pattern is established prior to rhombomere formation in the mouse, but it is not known how the timing of expression relates to cellular events of segmentation, such as lineage restriction. We have cloned Krox-20 sequences from Xenopus and the chick and shown that its alternating expression pattern is conserved in these systems, suggesting that its role in hindbrain development is conserved. Analysis of the early stages of Krox-20 expression in the chick show that both domains of expression precede the restriction of cell lineage to specific rhombomeres, consistent with a role of this gene in early events of hindbrain segmentation. The finding that expression is not coincident with lineage restriction indicates that early expression may not reflect an irreversible commitment of cells to r3 and r5 and/or may be mosaic.

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