“Our One Great Hope”: The Interdependence of the Woman’s Relief Corps and the Grand Army of the Republic

2021 ◽  
pp. 0095327X2110015
Author(s):  
Adam Chamberlain ◽  
Alixandra B. Yanus
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Local Group ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
State Level ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Great Hope ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Auxiliary Role

The Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) played a critical role in the lives of many Union veterans after the Civil War. Its efforts were supported by its women’s auxiliary, the Woman’s Relief Corps (WRC). Yet scholars do not know much about the evolution of the relationship between the rising WRC and the slowly declining GAR, whose members were dying away in the early 20th century. Here, we evaluate state-level membership and local group data for both associations to determine the nature of their connection from 1884 to 1924. The evidence reveals that the WRC’s auxiliary role helped sustain the GAR while providing an organizational structure that allowed women to chart an independent course.

Russian Empire’s Religious Institutions in the 18th - Early 20th Century: The Evolution of “Friend - Alien - Foe” Relations

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-31
Author(s):  
Alexandre Yu. Bendin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Religious Tolerance ◽  
Religious Discrimination ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
Institutional Relations ◽  
The Relationship

The Russian governments three principal institutions to regulate the empires diverse religions from the 18th to the early 20th century are examined. Its author describes the evolution of these bodies, their features and purpose, as well as defining the concept of religious security by analyzing its specific historical content. The author also discusses the relationship between the institutions of the official Russian Church, religious tolerance for foreign confessions, and discrimination against the Old Believers through the prism of friend - alien - foe relations. This approach helps us understand the hierarchical nature of the relations and contradictions that existed between the institutions, whose activities regulated the religious life of the Russian Empires subjects until 1905. The article goes on to analyze the relationship between the official legal status of the Russian Church, imperial tolerance, and religious discrimination. It concludes that the formation of the three state-religious institutions that began in the 18th century ended during the reign of Emperor Nicholas I. That time saw the beginning of the gradual evolution of friend - alien - foe inter-institutional relations, which peaked under Emperor Nicholas in 1904-1906. The author also considers the changes in the governments policy towards the Russian schism of the 17th century, which ultimately removed the friend-or-foe opposition in the relations between the Russian state, the Russian Church and the schismatic Old Believers. In accordance with the modernized legislation on religious tolerance, lawful Old Believers and sectarians moved from the category of religious and political foes to that of aliens, to which foreign confessions traditionally belonged. Under the new legal and political conditions, intolerance and religious discrimination against the schism ceased to be an instrument of state policy.

Djalkiri

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Philosophical Foundations ◽  
Collaborative Community ◽  
Arnhem Land ◽  
New Type ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Djalkiri are “footprints" – ancestral imprints on the landscape that provide the Yolŋu people of eastern Arnhem Land with their philosophical foundations. This book describes how Yolŋu artists and communities keep these foundations strong, and how they have worked with museums to develop a collaborative, community-led approach to the collection and display of their artwork. It includes contributions from Yolŋu elders and artists as well as Indigenous and non-Indigenous historians and curators. Together they explore how the relationship between communities and museums has changed over time. From the early 20th century, anthropologists and other collectors acquired artworks and objects and took photographs in Arnhem Land that became part of collections at the University of Sydney. Later generations of Yolŋu have sought out these materials and, with museum curators, proposed a new type of relationship, based on a deeper respect for Yolŋu intellectual frameworks and a commitment to their central role in curation. This book tells some of their stories.

The Sound of India In Maurice Delage’s Quatre Poèmes Hindous

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-296
Author(s):  
Noémi Karácsony
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western Music ◽  
Personal Contact ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
French Music ◽  
Sound Effects ◽  
Instrumental Technique ◽  
The Relationship

"French composer and pianist Maurice Delage wrote several significant works inspired by his personal contact with the Orient. His travels to India inspired Delage to use innovative sound effects in his compositions, as well as to require his performers to adapt their vocal or instrumental technique to obtain the sound desired by the composer. His representation of the Orient is not a mere evocation of the Other, as is the case with most orientalist works, rather it reflects the composer’s desire to endow Western music with the purity, strength, and vivid colors which he discovered and admired in Indian music. The present paper presents the historical and artistic background which inspired and influenced Delage, the relationship between France and India in the early 20th century and reveals the composer’s idealistic point of view regarding India, its culture, and its music. The analysis focuses on the mélodie cycle Quatre poèmes hindous, composed between 1912 and 1913, striving to reveal the Indian influences in the work of Delage and the way orientalism is represented in French music from the first decades of the 20th century. Keywords: orientalism, France, India, 20th century, Maurice Delage"

A Review of Chinese Eastern Railway Study in China

2021 ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Weiyun Mа
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Far East ◽  
The United States ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Qing Empire ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic

The article reviews research on Chinese Eastern Railway in China. The research on Chinese Eastern Railway in China began in the early 20th century, has a history of more than 100 years. The existing research results mainly focus on the construction of Chinese Eastern Railway and Tsarist Russia's expansion policy, negotiation between China and Russia (Soviet Union) on the railway issue, the contradictions and struggles of Japan and the United States around the railway problem and so on. These documents cover a wide range of issues which almost involve the political, diplomacy, economy and trade, culture and other fields of international relations in the Far East from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of 20th century, provide a broad vision for the study of Chinese Eastern Railway. But there are problems in the research. Although there are many works on Chinese Eastern Railway, but most discussions are limited to a certain stage, there are few works on the whole history of Chinese Eastern Railway. Not only should we pay attention to the study of the early 20th century in other words the period of the Qing Empire, moreover, we should strengthen the research in the period of the Republic of China and the new China period, this is of great significance to the study of the whole history of Sino — Soviet relations. In addition due to specific historical conditions, part of the Russian data of Chinese Eastern Railway in China was lost, in addition, there is no detailed and authoritative reference book for Russian archives of Chinese Eastern Railway, this situation makes the cited materials in Chinese works appear too old the materials cited in the book seem too old. The authors thank for proofreading and examining the translation A.I. Kobzev, Ph.D. (Philosophy), professor, director of China Department, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, director of TSC of Humanities and Social Sciences and director of Philosophy Department of MIPT (SRI), director of TSC «Oriental Philosophy» of RSUH, Chief researcher of Russian language, literature and culture research center of Heilongjiang University.

“Mourning a Loss: Conservative Support for Ngo Dinh Diem”

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-284
Author(s):  
Seth Offenbach
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Vietnam War ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Conservative Movement ◽  
Great Hope ◽  
The Vietnam War ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Ngo Dinh Diem ◽  
The U.S

The U.S. conservative movement in the mid-20th Century argued that the United States needed to continuously get tougher in the fight against communism worldwide. It remained supportive of U.S. efforts throughout the Vietnam War. However, in the period immediately preceding Americanization of the war in 1965, conservatives were uncertain about the outcome of any fighting in Vietnam. Specifically, they claimed that optimism for the Republic of Vietnam was lost with the assassination of President Ngo Dinh Diem in 1963. Without Diem, conservatives claimed, the Vietnam War was likely lost before it began. This article discusses how Diem went from a barely talked-about anti-Communist ally prior to his death to becoming posthumously the last great hope for Southeast Asia. Conservatives argued that without Diem, the only way the United States would be able to stop Communist expansion in Indochina would be to engage in a massive aerial bombing campaign and find a regional partner to deploy troops. Had he survived, this might not have been necessary. Learning why and how conservatives supported Diem after his death helps us better understand how conservatives reacted to the Vietnam War once Americanization began in 1965.

The Relationship Between Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Late 19th/Early 20th Century Wrought Iron Using the Generalized Method of Cells Model

2002 ◽  
Vol 712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer J. Hooper ◽  
Lori Graham ◽  
Tim Foecke ◽  
Timothy P. Weihs
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Inelastic Behavior ◽  
Silicate Slag ◽  
Wrought Iron ◽  
Generalized Method Of Cells ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTThe discovery of the RMS Titanic has led to a number of scientific studies, one of which addresses the role that the structural materials played in the sinking of the ship. Chemical, microstructural, and mechanical analysis of the hull steel suggests that it was state-of-the-art for 1912 with adequate fracture toughness for the application. However, the quality of the wrought iron rivets may have been an important factor in the opening of the steel plates during flooding. Preliminary studies of Titanic wrought iron rivets revealed an orthotropic, inhomogeneous composite material composed of glassy iron silicate (slag) particles embedded in a ferrite matrix. To date, very little is understood about the properties of wrought iron from that period. Therefore, in order to assess the quality of the Titanic material, contemporary wrought iron was obtained from additional late 19th/early 20th century buildings, bridges, and ships for comparison. Image analysis completed on the Titanic wrought iron microstructure showed a high slag content that is very coarse and unevenly distributed. To investigate how microstructure impacts the mechanical properties, and hence the quality of late 19th/early 20th century wrought iron, a detailed analysis of the relationship between the microstructural features and the mechanical behavior was completed. Here we present the first step in that process: the use of the Generalized Method of Cells (GMC) to predict the mechanical response of composites with variable microstructural properties. The GMC tool is used to generate the effective inelastic behavior of the composite from the individual constituent properties.

scholarly journals On the Tragic Sense in Unamuno and Pessoa “Les fois que l’impossible au nécessaire se joint”

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Pasciolla
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Miguel De Unamuno ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Literary Creation ◽  
Fernando Pessoa ◽  
Mutual Awareness ◽  
The Relationship

To confront two major writers and, indeed, thinkers of the Iberian Peninsula in the early 20th century is a challenge to be embraced, albeit with some circumspection. In the process, the tense relationship between the discourses of literary creation and philosophical musing will be broached. The evidence of any mutual awareness of their respective writings in the case of Miguel de Unamuno and Fernando Pessoa is scant. Whilst there is no recognition in the former of the latter, the Portuguese author certainly knew enough of the writings of the prolific Spaniard to have published several texts wherein he rejected the thinking of his near-contemporary. Close examination, however, reveals that the relationship between the writings of the two is complex enough to bear further scrutiny.

scholarly journals Emplacement of ideas. The development of geographical thought in Brazil in the early 20th century

Finisterra ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (65) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lia Osorio Machado
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Target Model ◽  
Source Models ◽  
Geographical Source ◽  
The Relationship

This paper looks at the circulation of modern geographical ideas in Brazil. The focus is on the relationship between geographical source models and the target model of domestic modernization. Three corresponding "mechanisms" provided the translation from one to the other: gradualism, adaptation and essentialism.

Sources on Regulatory Activity of the Inorodtsy Local Self-Government Agencies in the South of Russia in the 19th - Early 20th Century

2018 ◽  
pp. 364-374
Author(s):  
Irina V. Lidgieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
National Archive ◽  
The State ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Regulatory Activity ◽  
The South ◽  
Stavropol Region ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic

The article analyses public censure as a source of regulatory activity of the inorodsty (non-Russian indigenous ethnicities) local authorities in the South of Russia in the 19th – early 20th century. Integration of nomadic peoples in the all-Empire legal and economic sphere made provisions for continuation of some common law institutions. Among these were local self-government bodies. Local self-government activities in indigenous societies incorporate practices of representative democracy within the framework of customary and positive law and also interactions between state and society, all of which has much relevance to this day and age. Assembly (skhod) produced public censure that included purview with majority decision. Most sources come from the State archive of Stavropol Region and the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia. General and special scientific research methods assess public censure as a source on the history of the inorodsty in the South of Russia in the 19th – early 20th century. The form of sentence was not fixed by law, and yet content analysis of documentary materials from the State Archive of the Stavropol Region and the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia concludes that it remained unchanged throughout the 19th – early 20th century. Content of public censure allows to reconstruct the spectrum of issues put before the assembly and to classify them by topic: legal, social, and financial and economic. The author concludes that verdicts of the inorodsty societies of the period, as legal acts of local significance and great information value, are one of the main sources on socio-political and socio-economic history of the region.

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