The Impact of Experimentally Induced Limb Ischemia on the Rubber Hand Illusion

Perception ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 030100662097779
Author(s):  
Max Teaford ◽  
Jared Fitzpatrick ◽  
L. James Smart
Keyword(s):  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Limb Ischemia ◽  
Rubber Hand Illusion ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
Perceptual Illusion ◽  
Cardiovascular Pathology ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Peripheral Ischemia ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Experimentally Induced

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a perceptual illusion in which one experiences an object as part of their body when synchronous visuo-tactile stimulation is applied to one’s hand and the object. There are a variety of factors that can impact the occurrence of the RHI. In the present study, we demonstrate that experimentally induced peripheral ischemia can impact the RHI, namely it can result in larger alterations to the perceived position of one’s hand. This study suggests that alterations to the cardiovascular system may be a source of individual differences in the RHI literature. Future studies with samples of individuals with cardiovascular pathology are recommended.

scholarly journals Subjective embodiment during the rubber hand illusion predicts severity of premonitory sensations and tics in Tourette Syndrome

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Rae ◽  
Dennis Larsson ◽  
Jessica Eccles ◽  
Jamie Ward ◽  
HUgo Critchley
Keyword(s):  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Rubber Hand Illusion ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
Artificial Hand ◽  
Error Index ◽  
Proprioceptive Drift

The rubber hand illusion describes a sense of embodiment over a fake hand induced by synchronous visuo-tactile stimulation. In Tourette Syndrome, the expression of involuntary tics and preceding premonitory sensations is associated with the perturbation of subjective feelings of self-control and agency. We compared responses to induction of the Rubber Hand Illusion in 23 adults with TS and 22 matched controls. Both TS and control participants reported equivalent subjective embodiment of the artificial hand: feelings of ownership, location, and agency were greater during synchronous visuo-tactile stimulation, compared to asynchronous stimulation. However, individuals with TS did not manifest greater proprioceptive drift during synchronous relative to asynchronous stimulation, an objective marker of embodiment observed in controls. We computed an ‘embodiment prediction error’ index from the difference between subjective embodiment and objective proprioceptive drift. This embodiment prediction error correlated with severity of premonitory sensations according to the Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale (PUTS). Feelings of ownership over the artificial hand also correlated with premonitory sensation severity, and feelings of agency with tic severity (YGTSS). Together our findings suggest that the subjective strength of bodily ownership, as measured by the rubber hand illusion, contributes to susceptibility to the premonitory sensations that are a precipitating factor in tics. These results also suggest that somatosensory neural pathways underpinning visuo-tactile integration are likely altered in TS and may interact with other sensory and motor systems to engender premonitory sensations and tics.

scholarly journals A common perceptual inference for cross-modally induced illusions of body schema

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zane Z. Zheng ◽  
Kevin G. Munhall ◽  
Ingrid S. Johnsrude
Keyword(s):  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Body Schema ◽  
Rubber Hand Illusion ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
Perceptual Inference ◽  
Vocal Production ◽  
Multimodal Representation

AbstractBody-schema, or the multimodal representation of one’s own body attributes, has been demonstrated previously to be malleable. In the rubber-hand illusion (Botvinick & Cohen, 1998), synchronous visual and tactile stimulation cause a fake hand to be perceived as one’s own. Similarly, if a stranger’s voice is heard synchronously with one’s own vocal production, that voice comes to be attributed to oneself (Zheng et al., 2011). Multimodal illusions like these involve distorting body schema based on correlated input, yet the degree to which different instances of distortion are perceived within the same individuals has never been examined. Here we show that participants embraced the ownership of a fake hand and a stranger’s voice to a similar degree, controlling both for individual suggestibility and for general susceptibility to illusion of body schema. Our findings suggest that the perceptual inference that leads to the distortion of body schema is a stable trait.

scholarly journals No specific relationship between hypnotic suggestibility and the rubber hand illusion: a commentary with new and verification analyses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Henrik Ehrsson ◽  
Aikaterini Fotopoulou ◽  
Dominika Radziun ◽  
Matthew Longo ◽  
Manos Tsakiris
Keyword(s):  
Visual Hallucination ◽  
Rubber Hand Illusion ◽  
Experimental Paradigm ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
Perceptual Illusion ◽  
Specific Relationship ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Control Of Perception ◽  
General Influence

In a recent study, Lush et al. (Nat Commun 11, 4853, 2020) claimed that they found “substantial relationships” between hypnotizability and experimental measures of the rubber hand illusion. The authors proposed that hypnotizable participants control their phenomenology to meet task expectations arising from the experimental paradigm. They further suggest that the rubber hand illusion “may or may not” be entirely explained by hypnotic suggestions driven by task expectancies and therefore could reflect top-down control of perception, instead of multisensory mechanisms. However, in reanalyzing their data, we observe no significant relationships between hypnotic suggestibility and the rubber hand illusion when quantified using a control condition in line with the authors’ preregistered hypothesis. Furthermore, we note that the relationships that the authors describe are weak and observed for a visual “hallucination” control experience and in the control condition, indicating a general influence of hypnotizability on cognition, rather than sensations that specifically relate to the rubber hand illusion. Overall, the results fit well with the view that the rubber hand illusion is a perceptual illusion driven primarily by multisensory mechanisms.

scholarly journals The rubber hand universe: On the impact of methodological differences in the rubber hand illusion

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 ◽  
pp. 268-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Riemer ◽  
Jörg Trojan ◽  
Marta Beauchamp ◽  
Xaver Fuchs
Keyword(s):  
Rubber Hand Illusion ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
The Impact

Is This My Hand I See Before Me? The Rubber Hand Illusion in Reality, Virtual Reality, and Mixed Reality

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wijnand A IJsselsteijn ◽  
Yvonne A. W de Kort ◽  
Antal Haans
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Mixed Reality ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Strong Sense ◽  
Rubber Hand Illusion ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
Perceptual Illusion ◽  
Actual Position

This paper presents a first study in which a recently reported intermodal perceptual illusion known as the rubber hand illusion is experimentally investigated under mediated conditions. When one's own hand is placed out of view and a visible fake hand is repeatedly stroked and tapped in synchrony with the unseen hand, subjects report a strong sense in which the fake hand is experienced as part of their own body. In our experiment, we investigated this illusion under three conditions: (i) unmediated condition, replicating the original paradigm, (ii) virtual reality (VR) condition, where both the fake hand and its stimulation were projected on the table in front of the participant, and (iii) mixed reality (MR) condition, where the fake hand was projected, but its stimulation was unmediated. Dependent measures included self-report (open-ended and questionnaire-based) and drift, that is, the offset between the felt position of the hidden hand and its actual position. As expected, the unmediated condition produced the strongest illusion, as indicated both by self-report and drift towards the rubber hand. The VR condition produced a more convincing subjective illusion than the MR condition, although no difference in drift was found between the mediated conditions. Results are discussed in terms of perceptual mechanisms underlying the rubber hand illusion, and the illusion's relevance to understanding telepresence.

scholarly journals Itch evoked by the rubber hand illusion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoinette van Laarhoven ◽  
Dieuwke S. Veldhuijzen ◽  
H. Chris Dijkerman
Keyword(s):  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Rubber Hand Illusion ◽  
Left Forearm ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
Healthy Female ◽  
Low Levels

It has been well-established that expectancies can influence itch intensity. It remains to be established whether psychological processes can lead to non-itchy input being perceived as itchy. The current study aimed to investigate whether healthy individuals perceive non-itchy tactile stimulation (rubbing) as itchy when having the illusion that an itch stimulus is applied (using the rubber hand illusion; RHI). Moreover, it was investigated whether this effect depended on psychological characteristics, including expectancies. In 36 healthy female volunteers, ownership over the rubber arm was induced in a standard RHI setup. After assessing the itch-inducing properties of merely rubbing, baseline itch was evoked by rubbing cowhage spicules (pruritogenic tropical bean particles) onto the left forearm. Cowhage was kept on the arm for some minutes (follow-up phase). Similarly, cowhage was subsequently applied onto the rubber arm, while the participant’s concealed right arm was simultaneously rubbed without cowhage. Mean (mean=0.8, SD=1.1) and peak itch (mean=1.3, SD=1.4) significantly differed from zero (t=5.74, p<0.001 and t=6.89, p<0.001, respectively). Expectations did not mediate the effect, but self-reported attention to itch (PVAQ-itch) was positively associated with itch during follow-up. Low levels of itch were induced using the RHI paradigm, demonstrating the role of psychological factors in itch perception.

Illusions With Hands, but Not With Balloons – Comparing Ownership and Referral of Touch for a Corporal and Noncorporal Object After Visuotactile Stimulation

Perception ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 447-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Kalckert ◽  
Ian Bico ◽  
Jia Xi Fong
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Rubber Hand Illusion ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
Perceptual Illusion ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Human Body Part ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Successful Induction

The rubber hand illusion is a perceptual illusion of perceiving an object like a model hand as part of the own body. The question whether the illusion can be induced with noncorporal objects that do not look like a human body part is not perfectly resolved yet. In this study, we directly assessed the subjective experience of two different components within the illusion (i.e., ownership and referral of touch) when a model hand and a balloon are stimulated. We observed significantly stronger illusion ratings for the hand as compared with the balloon, and only the hand ratings showed a clear affirmation of the illusion. We further conclude that (a) a significant difference between synchronous and asynchronous conditions may not be sufficient to argue for the successful induction of the illusion and (b) the subcomponents show a different pattern in the different conditions, which may lead to alternative interpretations. These observations call for a more fine-grained interpretation of questionnaire data in rubber hand illusion studies.

Preliminary Evaluation of the Moving Rubber Foot Illusion in a Sample of Female University Students

Perception ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 030100662110588
Author(s):  
Max Teaford ◽  
Jason Gilliland ◽  
Olivia Hodkey ◽  
Tara McVeigh ◽  
Caleb Perry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Rubber Hand Illusion ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
Proprioceptive Drift

The Rubber Foot Illusion (RFI) is an illusion in which one is made to feel that a model foot is their own through synchronous visuo-tactile stimulation. Previous research suggests that the conditions the RFI can be elicited under are similar to those of the Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI). However, it was unknown if the RFI could be elicited by synchronous movement of a participant’s foot and a model foot. To examine this, we developed the Moving Rubber Foot Illusion (mRFI) and compared participants’ experience of it to the RFI. The results of this study suggests that the RFI can be elicited through synchronous movement, and results in more proprioceptive drift than a static variant of the RFI. More work is needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying the mRFI.

Sensory Processing and the Rubber Hand Illusion—An Evoked Potentials Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Zeller ◽  
Vladimir Litvak ◽  
Karl J. Friston ◽  
Joseph Classen
Keyword(s):  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Rubber Hand Illusion ◽  
Inferior Parietal Lobule ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
Perceptual Inference ◽  
Parietal Lobule ◽  
Artificial Hand ◽  
Multisensory Input

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) paradigm—in which illusory bodily ownership is induced by synchronous tactile stimulation of a participant's (hidden) hand and a (visible) surrogate—allows one to investigate how the brain resolves conflicting multisensory evidence during perceptual inference. To identify the functional anatomy of the RHI, we used multichannel EEG, acquired under three conditions of tactile stimulation. Evoked potentials were averaged from EEG signals registered to the timing of brushstrokes to the participant's hand. The participant's hand was stroked either in the absence of an artificial hand (REAL) or synchronously with an artificial hand, which either lay in an anatomically plausible (CONGRUENT) or impossible (INCONGRUENT) position. The illusion was reliably elicited in the CONGRUENT condition. For right-hand stimulation, significant differences between conditions emerged at the sensor level around 55 msec after the brushstroke at left frontal and right parietal electrodes. Response amplitudes were smaller for illusory (CONGRUENT) compared with nonillusory (INCONGRUENT and REAL) conditions in the contralateral perirolandic region (pre- and postcentral gyri), superior and inferior parietal lobule, whereas veridical perception of the artificial hand (INCONGRUENT) amplified responses at a scalp region overlying the contralateral postcentral gyrus and inferior parietal lobule compared with the remaining two conditions. Left-hand stimulation produced similar contralateral patterns. These results are consistent with predictive coding models of multisensory integration and may reflect the attenuation of somatosensory precision that is required to resolve perceptual hypotheses about conflicting multisensory input.

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