An eye-tracking study on the effect of infographic structures on viewer’s comprehension and cognitive load

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azam Majooni ◽  
Mona Masood ◽  
Amir Akhavan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Information Graphics ◽  
Basic Premise ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Graphical Design ◽  
Tracking Devices

The basic premise of this research is investigating the effect of layout on the comprehension and cognitive load of the viewers in the information graphics. The term ‘Layout’ refers to the arrangement and organization of the visual and textual elements in a graphical design. The experiment conducted in this study is designed based on two stories and each one of these stories is presented with two different layouts. During the experiment, eye-tracking devices are applied to collect the gaze data including the eye movement data and pupil diameter fluctuation. In the research on the modification of the layouts, contents of each story are narrated using identical visual and textual elements. The analysis of eye-tracking data provides quantitative evidence concerning the change of layout in each story and its effect on the comprehension of participants and variation of their cognitive load. In conclusion, it can be claimed that the comprehension from the zigzag form of the layout was higher with a less imposed cognitive load.

scholarly journals VP203 Performance Evaluation Of Eye-Tracking Devices

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. 245-245
Author(s):  
Luciano Recalde ◽  
José Núñez ◽  
César Yegros ◽  
Carolina Villegas
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Interface Design ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Horizontal Axis ◽  
Precision Data ◽  
Limited Mobility ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Tracking Devices

INTRODUCTION:There are different devices, systems and technologies for people with disabilities. It's necessary to provide information on the effectiveness of products in the market and competitiveness in terms of price-quality, and providing an endorsement in the acquisition of technologies that improve their quality of life. The use of eye tracking devices is growing and its implementation in different areas has attracted the attention of several developers. Therefore the need to generate a product that evaluates the functionality of such devices is necessary in order to avoid unnecessary expenses when acquiring or repairing one of these devices.METHODS:An interface was created with different functionalities such as the location of the coordinates in which the pointer is located, standardized graphic interface design to provide statistical data that allow an objective result for its subsequent analysis and an endless number of design possibilities.The tests performed were of accuracy and precision where the subject was asked to follow the instructions given and observe a sequence of points, especially the points located at the ends of the monitor as these are the critical points in which there is less coincidence between the cursor and the gaze.RESULTS:The results obtained provided information on the performance of the tracking device. In this way it was possible to establish that the accuracy of the ocular tracker: it was ± 12.83 pixels on the horizontal axis and ± 10.66 pixels on the vertical axis. The precision was ± 9.8 pixels on the horizontal axis and ± 14.23 pixels on the vertical axis.This shows the use phenomenon caused due to the limited mobility of the eyes in the vertical axis in comparison to the horizontal mobility. The precision data obtained indicate that, because the movement on the vertical axis is smaller, there is a less continuous spectrum of positions on the axis, which translates to less precision.CONCLUSIONS:The data obtained can be used to compare with the results of the test with other eye tracking devices and thus this could serve as a tool to select an eye tracking device according to the user's need and his economical capabilities.

scholarly journals Eye-Tracking Algorithm for Low Webcam Image Resolution Without Calibration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allana L. dos S. Rocha ◽  
Leandro H. de S. Silva ◽  
Bruno J. T. Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Communication Difficulties ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
Tracking Devices ◽  
Conventional Computer

Applications of eye-tracking devices aim to understand human activities and behaviors, improve human interactions with robots, and develop assistive technology in helping people with some communication disabilities. This paper proposes an algorithm to detect the pupil center and user’s gaze direction in real-time, using a low-resolution webcam and a conventional computer with no need for calibration. Given the constraints, the gaze space was reduced to five states: left, right, center, up, and eyes closed. A pre-existing landmarks detector was used to identify the user’s eyes. We employ image processing techniques to find the center of the pupil and we use the coordinates of the points found associated with mathematical calculations to classify the gaze direction. By using this method, the algorithm achieved 81.9% overall accuracy results even under variable and non-uniform environmental conditions. We also performed quantitative experiments with noise, blur, illumination, and rotation variation. Smart Eye Communicator, the proposed algorithm, can be used as eye-tracking mechanism to help people with communication difficulties to express their desires.

scholarly journals Consensual Pupillometry for robotic emotional recognition

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-2.) ◽  
Author(s):  
Róbert Tamás Fekete ◽  
Levente Raj ◽  
Tamas Neumer
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Basic Principle ◽  
Physical State ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Light Stimulus ◽  
Pupillary Reflex ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Light Reflex ◽  
Pupillary Light ◽  
Tracking Devices

The main contribution of this research is to develop of a new measuring device for measuring direct- and consensual light reflex of human pupil. In this case the pupillary light reflex means changing of diameter of pupil due to constant light stimulus as a function of time. Researches certify that the pupil diameter and its change reflects the person’s mental or physical state. There are several “eye tracking” devices available on the market, however, none of these are able to perform a proper consensual measurement. The basic principle of the consensual pupil measurement is that while only one of the eyes is stimulated, reactions of both eyes are being recorded and analyzed. The aim of this project was to develop a software, applicable to an existing prototype device in order to carry out “consensual pupillary reflex” measurements.

scholarly journals Eye tracking cognitive load using pupil diameter and microsaccades with fixed gaze

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. e0203629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Krejtz ◽  
Andrew T. Duchowski ◽  
Anna Niedzielska ◽  
Cezary Biele ◽  
Izabela Krejtz
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Pupil Diameter

scholarly journals Gaze Information Channel in Cognitive Comprehension of Poster Reading

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiaohong Hao ◽  
Mateu Sbert ◽  
Lijing Ma
Keyword(s):  
Markov Chain ◽  
Mutual Information ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Information Channel ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Discrete Information ◽  
Scientific Poster

Today, eye trackers are extensively used in studying human cognition. However, it is hard to analyze and interpret eye movement data from the cognitive comprehension perspective of poster reading. To find quantitative links between eye movements and cognitive comprehension, we tracked observers’ eye movement for reading scientific poster publications. We model in this paper eye tracking fixation sequences between content-dependent Areas of Interests (AOIs) as a Markov chain. Furthermore, we use the fact that a Markov chain is a special case of information or communication channel. Then, the gaze transition can be modeled as a discrete information channel, the gaze information channel. Next, some traditional eye tracking metrics, together with the gaze entropy and mutual information of the gaze information channel are calculated to quantify cognitive comprehension for every participant. The analysis of the results demonstrate that the gaze entropy and mutual information from individual gaze information channel are related to participants’ individual differences. This is the first study that eye tracking technology has been used to assess the cognitive comprehension of poster reading. The present work provides insights into human cognitive comprehension by using the novel gaze information channel methodology.

scholarly journals Gaze Path Stimulation in Retrospective Think-Aloud

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aulikki Hyrskykari ◽  
Saila Ovaska ◽  
Pävi Majaranta ◽  
Kari-Jouko Räihä ◽  
Merja Lehtinen
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Usability Testing ◽  
Usability Evaluation ◽  
Think Aloud ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Verbal Data ◽  
Common Understanding

For a long time, eye tracking has been thought of as a promising method for usability testing. During the last couple of years, eye tracking has finally started to live up to these expectations, at least in terms of its use in usability laboratories. We know that the user’s gaze path can reveal usability issues that would otherwise go unnoticed, but a common understanding of how best to make use of eye movement data has not been reached. Many usability practitioners seem to have intuitively started to use gaze path replays to stimulate recall for retrospective walk through of the usability test. We review the research on thinkaloud protocols in usability testing and the use of eye tracking in the context of usability evaluation. We also report our own experiment in which we compared the standard, concurrent think-aloud method with the gaze path stimulated retrospective think-aloud method. Our results suggest that the gaze path stimulated retrospective think-aloud method produces more verbal data, and that the data are more informative and of better quality as the drawbacks of concurrent think-aloud have been avoided.

scholarly journals Identifying the signature of prospective motor control in children with autism

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Cavallo ◽  
Luca Romeo ◽  
Caterina Ansuini ◽  
Francesca Battaglia ◽  
Lino Nobili ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Hand Movement ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Movement Kinematics ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Phenotypic Marker ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Movement Data

AbstractFailure to develop prospective motor control has been proposed to be a core phenotypic marker of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, whether genuine differences in prospective motor control permit discriminating between ASD and non-ASD profiles over and above individual differences in motor output remains unclear. Here, we combined high precision measures of hand movement kinematics and rigorous machine learning analyses to determine the true power of prospective movement data to differentiate children with autism and typically developing children. Our results show that while movement is unique to each individual, variations in the kinematic patterning of sequential grasping movements genuinely differentiate children with autism from typically developing children. These findings provide quantitative evidence for a prospective motor control impairment in autism and indicate the potential to draw inferences about autism on the basis of movement kinematics.

scholarly journals A gaze-based interactive system to explore artwork imagery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piercarlo Dondi ◽  
Marco Porta ◽  
Angelo Donvito ◽  
Giovanni Volpe
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Assistive Technology ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Interactive System ◽  
Multimedia Content ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Impaired People ◽  
The Common ◽  
Safety Guidelines

AbstractInteractive and immersive technologies can significantly enhance the fruition of museums and exhibits. Several studies have proved that multimedia installations can attract visitors, presenting cultural and scientific information in an appealing way. In this article, we present our workflow for achieving a gaze-based interaction with artwork imagery. We designed both a tool for creating interactive “gaze-aware” images and an eye tracking application conceived to interact with those images with the gaze. Users can display different pictures, perform pan and zoom operations, and search for regions of interest with associated multimedia content (text, image, audio, or video). Besides being an assistive technology for motor impaired people (like most gaze-based interaction applications), our solution can also be a valid alternative to the common touch screen panels present in museums, in accordance with the new safety guidelines imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Experiments carried out with a panel of volunteer testers have shown that the tool is usable, effective, and easy to learn.

scholarly journals Effects of age on memory for pragmatic implications in advertising

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 183449092110004
Author(s):  
Jing Yu ◽  
Xue-Rui Peng ◽  
Ming Yan
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Time Processing ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Processing Strategies ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Advertising Content ◽  
Inferential Processing ◽  
Tracking Technology

People employ automatic inferential processing when confronting pragmatically implied claims in advertising. However, whether comprehension and memorization of pragmatic implications differ between young and older adults is unclear. In the present study, we used eye-tracking technology to investigate online cognitive processes during reading of misleading advertisements. We found an interaction between age and advertising content, manifested as our older participants generated higher misleading rates in health-related than in health-irrelevant products, whereas this content-bias did not appear in their younger counterparts. Eye movement data further showed that the older adults spent more time processing critical claims for the health-related products than for the health-irrelevant products. Moreover, the correlations between fixation duration on pragmatic implications and misleading rates showed opposite trends in the two groups. The eye-tracking evidence novelly suggests that young and older adults may adopt different information processing strategies to comprehend pragmatic implications in advertising: More reading possibly enhances young adults’ gist memory whereas it facilitates older adults’ verbatim memory instead.

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