scholarly journals The use of vitreous renal chemistries in the discrimination of postmortem fresh water drowning

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 239784732199752
Author(s):  
Eni-yimini Solomon Agoro ◽  
Charles German Ikimi ◽  
Tommy Edidiong
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Diacetyl Monoxime ◽  
Water Pond ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Cover Up

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated drowning as the leading cause of unintentional death in the world, with 372,000 deaths reported annually. Not all drowning are unintentional; some could be disguised to cover up an act of heinous criminality. This study was aimed at using some vitreous renal function biochemical parameters as a discriminant of postmortem fresh water drowning. Twelve albino rabbits constituted the sample size as validated by Mead’s formula. The study was divided into three groups; the control, postmortem-drowned and truly drowned as mimicked using an artificial fresh water pond. Vitreous humours were extracted using Coe method. The vitreous renal chemistries were analysed using diacetyl monoxime, Jaffe’s test, uricase and ion-selective electrode (ISE) methods respectively. Result: The mean of vitreous creatinine, urea, uric acid, Na+, K+, Cl−, Ca2+, glucose and CO2 of the control, postmortem-drowned and truly drowned groups were compared using One-way Anova (post-hoc-LSD) with the aid of SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA; Version 18–21 package. The findings revealed a significant increase in concentrations of vitreous creatinine, glucose, Ca2+ and K+ of the drowned death group, whereas vitreous concentrations of CO2 and urea significantly decreased when compared to the controls and/or postmortem-drowned death. Conclusion: The study has shown that some of the studied vitreous biochemical parameters could be used as an ancillary tool in discriminating death due to fresh water drowning from that of disguised or postmortem-drowned death.

scholarly journals Vaccination Coverage for Routine Vaccines and Herd Immunity Levels against Measles and Pertussis in the World in 2019

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 256
Author(s):  
Pedro Plans-Rubió
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Immunization Programs ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
The World ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization

In 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO) established the Global Vaccine Action Plan with the objective to promote essential vaccinations in all countries and achieve at least 90% vaccination coverage for all routine vaccines by 2020. The study assessed the mean percentages of vaccination coverage in 2019 for 13 routine vaccines, vaccination coverage variation from 2015 to 2019, and herd immunity levels against measles and pertussis in 2019 in countries and regions of WHO. In 2019, the mean percentages of vaccination coverage were lower than 90% for 10 (78.9%) routine vaccines. The mean percentages of vaccination coverage also decreased from 2015 to 2019 for six (46.2%) routine vaccines. The prevalence of individuals with vaccine-induced measles immunity in the target measles vaccination population was 88.1%, and the prevalence of individuals with vaccine-induced pertussis immunity in the target pertussis vaccination population was 81.1%. Herd immunity against measles viruses with Ro = 18 was established in 63 (32.5%) countries but not established in any region. Herd immunity against pertussis agents was not established in any country and in any region of WHO. National immunization programs must be improved to achieve ≥90% vaccination coverage in all countries and regions. Likewise, it is necessary to achieve ≥95% vaccination coverage with two doses of measles vaccines and three doses of pertussis vaccines in all countries and regions.

scholarly journals Spinal surgery complications: an unsolved problem—Is the World Health Organization Safety Surgical Checklist an useful tool to reduce them?

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 927-936
Author(s):  
Giovanni Barbanti-Brodano ◽  
Cristiana Griffoni ◽  
Jarkko Halme ◽  
Giuseppe Tedesco ◽  
Silvia Terzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Spinal Surgery ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Oncological Diseases ◽  
Supplementary Material ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Surgical Checklist

Abstract Purpose To investigate whether the World Health Organization Safety Surgical Checklist (SSC) is an effective tool to reduce complications in spinal surgery. Methods We retrospectively evaluated the clinical and radiological charts prospectively collected from patients who underwent a spinal surgery procedure from January 2010 to December 2012. The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of complications between two periods, from January to December 2010 (without checklist) and from January 2011 and December 2012 (with checklist), in order to assess the checklist’s effectiveness. Results The sample size was 917 patients with an average of 30-month follow-up. The mean age was 52.88 years. The majority of procedures were performed for oncological diseases (54.4%) and degenerative diseases (39.8%). In total, 159 complications were detected (17.3%). The overall incidence of complications for trauma, infectious pathology, oncology, and degenerative disease was 22.2%, 19.2%, 18.4%, and 15.3%, respectively. No correlation was observed between the type of pathology and the complication incidence. We observed a reduction in the overall incidence of complications following the introduction of the SSC: In 2010 without checklist, the incidence of complications was 24.2%, while in 2011 and 2012, following the checklist introduction, the incidence of complications was 16.7% and 11.7%, respectively (mean 14.2%). Conclusions The SSC seems to be an effective tool to reduce complications in spinal surgery. We propose to extend the use of checklist system also to the preoperative and postoperative phases in order to further reduce the incidence of complications. Graphic abstract These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.

Determination of Heavy Metals in Damascus Drinking Water Using Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence

1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.H. Bakraji ◽  
J. Karajo
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Total Reflection ◽  
World Health ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Quality Guidelines ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and chemical preconcentration have been applied for multi-elemental analysis of Damascus drinking water. Water was taken directly from taps of several city sectors and analyzed for the following trace elements: Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se and Pb. The detection limits were found to be in the range of 0.1 to 0.4 µg/L. The mean levels of trace elements in the Damascus drinking water were below the World Health Organization drinking water quality guidelines.

scholarly journals Ongoing African measles virus genotype outbreak in Tel Aviv district since April, Israel, 2012

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (37) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Kopel ◽  
Z Amitai ◽  
M Savion ◽  
Y Aboudy ◽  
E Mendelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
World Health ◽  
European Region ◽  
Virus Genotype ◽  
Tel Aviv ◽  
Measles Outbreak ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization

A measles outbreak is affecting the Tel Aviv district, Israel, since April 2012. As of 10 September, 99 cases were confirmed, including 63 (64%) migrants of Eritrean and Sudanese origin. All genotyped cases had the African B3 genotype*. The mean age of migrant and non-migrant cases was 6.0±9.6 and 30.2±24.2 years, respectively (p<0.001). The majority of both migrant and non-migrant cases was unvaccinated. This is the second African measles B3 genotype outbreak within the World Health Organization European region in 2012.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Feelings and Attitudes of Children towards Their Dentist and Their Association with Oral Health

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aslı Patır Münevveroğlu ◽  
Beyza Ballı Akgöl ◽  
Tuğba Erol
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dental Clinic ◽  
Delivery Of Care ◽  
Dental Clinics ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization

This study assessed the feelings and attitudes of children toward their dentists and their association with oral health. Methods. A questionnaire designed to evaluate the attitudes of children toward dentists and preferences was completed by 200 children and their families. In addition, the children were examined and the World Health Organization (WHO) method was used to obtain dmft and DMFT scores. Results. The mean dmft and DMFT scores were 3.52±2.44 and 1.35±1.29, respectively. Of the children, 92.5% reported that they had visited a dentist before. Of the children who had visited dentists, approximately 71.5% reported that they enjoyed their visits. Of the children, 84% preferred female dentists, 76.5% preferred dentists that wore a colored coat, and 63% preferred a decorated dental clinic over a plain clinic. The mean dmft and DMFT values of children who were afraid of dentists were significantly higher than those of children who were not (P<0.01 and P<0.05, resp.). Conclusion. Children have strong perceptions and preferences regarding the appearance of their dentists and dental clinics. The results of this study might help dentists to improve their delivery of care.

scholarly journals Prevalence of black tooth stains and dental caries in Brazilian schoolchildren

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Gasparetto ◽  
Carlos Alberto Conrado ◽  
Sandra Mara Maciel ◽  
Ernesto Yiokihiro Miyamoto ◽  
Mariliane Chicarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Target Population ◽  
World Health ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Spearman’S Correlation

This study evaluated the correlation between the presence of black extrinsic tooth stains and caries in Brazilian schoolchildren. The target population consisted of 263 children aged 6-12 years. Clinical examinations were performed by four dentists calibrated for the World Health Organization criteria for caries diagnosis. The c² test was used to compare the prevalence of caries between groups of children with and without black tooth stains. Spearman's correlation test was used to analyze the relationship between the presence of black stains and caries severity. Black stains were observed in 14.8% of the children. The number of children with caries-free permanent dentition was not statistically different between groups. The mean DMF-T was 1.46 ± 1.39 for children with black stains and 2.42 ± 2.09 for children without black stains. A negative correlation was observed between the presence (r = -0.16; p<0.05) and severity (r = -0.15; p<0.01) of black stains and DMF-T.

The Prevalence of Caries in Children with a Cleft Lip and/or Palate in Southern Vietnam

2004 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 629-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sjobbe Besseling ◽  
Leander Dubois
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
World Health ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Oral Cleft ◽  
Southern Vietnam ◽  
The World ◽  
Bilateral Cleft Lip ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of caries in South Vietnamese children with a known oral cleft. Setting The children were screened at local dental hospitals in five different cities in southern Vietnam. Participants One hundred fifty-four children aged 4 to 6, 11 to 13, and 14 to 16 years old with a cleft lip, cleft palate, or both were included in the study. Outcome Measurements For every age group, clefts were divided in four types. The dmft/DMFT was specified according to criteria of the World Health Organization (1997). Results The mean number of teeth affected by caries was 9.95 for 4- to 6-year-old children, 2.97 for 11- to 13-year-old children, and 4.93 for 14- to 16-year-old children, respectively. Four- to 6-year-old children with a unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and palate had significantly more caries and a higher dmft (decayed, missing, and filled teeth index) than children of the same age with only a cleft lip or a cleft lip and alveolus. Conclusions Vietnamese children with an oral cleft have high numbers of teeth affected by dental caries, and special attention will be necessary for their oral health.

scholarly journals Prevalência de cárie em estudantes do município de Russas - Ceará

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Cosmo Helder Ferreira da Silva ◽  
Égilla De Sousa Oliveira ◽  
Adrícia Kelly Marques Bento ◽  
Maria Mayara Nascimento Beserra ◽  
Sofia Vasconcelos Carneiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Caries Risk ◽  
Dental Floss ◽  
Hygiene Behavior ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Socioeconomic Profile ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The City

O presente trabalho objetivou caracterizar as condições de saúde bucal dos adolescentes do município de Russas, Ceará, observando o perfil socioeconômico e o comportamento de higiene oral dos mesmos. O estudo foi conduzido em município do Ceará com escolares de 12 anos. Após aplicação do TCLE e TAM, os participantes preencheram um questionário e foi realizado um exame bucal para verificar os dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados. Os dados foram analisados e descritos. O índice de CPO-D médio foi 2,2. A frequência de escovação foi de 59% (n=20) três a quatro vezes ao dia, 50% (n=17) dos escolares utilizam fio dental, 82% (n=28) já foi ao dentista pelo menos uma vez na vida. A média deste índice caracteriza a população como baixo risco a cárie, de acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde, porém, há necessidade de ações de promoção de saúde para intervir no quadro desta doença.Descritores: Cárie Dentária, Estudantes, Saúde bucal.Prevalence of caries in studnts of the Russas - cearáAbstract: This study aimed to characterize the oral health conditions of adolescents in the city of Russas, Ceará, observing the socioeconomic profile and the oral hygiene behavior of the adolescents. The study was conducted in a municipality of Ceará with schoolchildren aged 12 years. After the application of the TCLE and TAM, the participants completed a questionnaire and an oral examination was performed to check the decayed, missing and filled teeth. The data were analyzed and described. The mean CPO-D index was 2.2. The frequency of brushing was 59% (n=20) three to four times a day, 50% (n=17) of schoolchildren used dental floss, 82% (n=28) had been to the dentist at least once in their lifetime. The average of this index characterizes the population as low caries risk, according to the World Health Organization, however, there is a need for health promotion actions to intervene in this disease.Descriptors: Dental Caries, Students, Oral Health.Prevalencia de caries en estudiantes del municipio de Russas - CearáResumen: El presente trabajo objetivó caracterizar las condiciones de salud bucal de los adolescentes del municipio de Russas, Ceará, observando el perfil socioeconómico y el comportamiento de higiene oral de los mismos. El estudio fue conducido en el municipio de Ceará con escolares de 12 años. Después de la aplicación del TCLE y TAM, los participantes llenaron un cuestionario y se realizó un examen bucal para verificar los dientes cariados, perdidos y obturados. Los datos fueron analizados y descritos. El índice de CPO-D medio fue 2,2. La frecuencia de cepillado fue del 59% (n=20) tres a cuatro veces al día, 50% (n=17) de los escolares utilizan hilo dental, el 82% (n=28) ya fue al dentista al menos una vez en la vida. El promedio de este índice caracteriza a la población como bajo riesgo a la caries, de acuerdo con la Organización Mundial de la Salud, sin embargo, hay necesidad de acciones de promoción de salud para intervenir en el marco de esta enfermedad.Descriptores: Caries Dentales, Estudiantes, Salud Bucal.

scholarly journals Prevalence of dental caries among children of SOS children's village in Croatia

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-128
Author(s):  
Zrinka Ivanisevic ◽  
Marko Matijevic ◽  
Zvonimir Uzarevic ◽  
Djordje Petrovic ◽  
Davor Jurlina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dental Instruments ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization

Background/Aim. Oral health is an integral part of general health and an important factor in the overall quality of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of dental caries among the children from the SOS Children?s Village in Croatia. Methods. The dental examinations based on the World Health Organization criteria were performed on 88 children from SOS Children?s Village in Croatia. The teeth were clinically examined with standard dental instruments using the visual-tactile method under standard light. The clinical indexes of decayed, missed, and filled (dmft and DMFT, for primary and permantnt teeth, respectively) and decayed, missed, and filled surfaces (DMFS), as well as the significant caries index (SiC) were recorded. Results. Among the children from the SOS Children?s Village caries incidence were 57.94%. The mean dmft, DMFT and DMFS of all children was 1.82, 1.90 and 2.82, respectively. The highest mean dmft and DMFT score of 4.24 and 2.56 was found among 7?10 and 11?14 years old children, respectively. The highest mean DMFS score of 3.85 and 3.90 was found among 11?14 years old children and among the children from the SOS Children?s Village Lekenik, respectively. Among all children, the SiC index was 4.69. There was a significant difference between age groups and children?s place of residence in DMFT, DMFS and SiC. Conclusion. Prevalence of dental caries is low among the children from the SOS Children?s Village in Croatia compared to the children who lived with biological families.

scholarly journals The Prevalence and Causes of Visual Impairment among Children in Kenya – The Kenya Eye Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shadrack Muma ◽  
Stephen Obonyo
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Uncorrected Refractive Error

Abstract Background: Visual impairment is the partial or complete loss of vision and it is attributed to uncorrected refractive error. In Kenya, little attention has been directed towards children vision and causes of visual impairment. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the prevalence and causes of visual impairment in the children population of Kenya.Methods: This cross-sectional population-based study included 3400 (1800, 52.9% female) randomly selected children with a mean age of 12 ± 2 years (range 5–16 years). Visual acuity was taken using Snellens chart at 6 meters. Anterior and posterior segment was assessed using slit lamp and indirect ophthalmoscope. The World Health Organization definition formed the baseline for calculating the mean prevalence of visual impairment.Results: Visual acuity measurements were available for 3240 (95.3%) participants. The mean prevalence of visual impairment, based on pin-hole value, using World Health Organization definition, was 1.7 ± 0.3%. The prevalence of visual impairment, based on presenting visual acuity value, was 2.4 ± 0.7%, using the World Health Organization definition. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the presence of visual impairment on pin-hole, according to World Health Organization definition increased significantly with increasing age (odds ratio 1.230, P=.021) and increased uncorrected refractive error (odds ratio 0.834, P = .032). Cases of uncorrected refractive error remained the main cause for presenting visual impairment. Causes of visual impairment due to presenting visual acuity were nystagmus (14%), amblyopia (24%) and uncorrected refractive error (62%).Conclusion: The prevalence of visual impairment in Kenya is associated with age. Uncorrected refractive error remains the major causes of visual impairment.

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