scholarly journals Growth and chemotaxis of nematodes reduced upon exposure to Third Fork Creek surface water

2022 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carresse Gerald ◽  
Boris Deshazo ◽  
Hayden Patterson ◽  
Porché Spence
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Urban Stream ◽  
Water Contaminants ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Historically Black University ◽  
Exploratory Data ◽  
Bacterial Food

Abstract Background Third Fork Creek is a historically impaired urban stream that flows through the city of Durham, North Carolina. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) are non-parasitic, soil and aquatic dwelling nematodes that have been used frequently as a biological and ecotoxicity model. We hypothesize that exposure to Third Fork Creek surface water will inhibit the growth and chemotaxis of C. elegans. Using our ring assay model, nematodes were enticed to cross the water samples to reach a bacterial food source which allowed observation of chemotaxis. The total number of nematodes found in the bacterial food source and the middle of the plate with the water source was recorded for 3 days. Results Our findings suggest a reduction in chemotaxis and growth on day three in nematodes exposed to Third Fork Creek water samples when compared to the control (p value < 0.05). These exploratory data provide meaningful insight to the quality of Third Fork Creek located near a Historically Black University. Conclusions Further studies are necessary to elucidate the concentrations of the water contaminants and implications for human health. The relevance of this study lies within the model C. elegans that has been used in a plethora of human diseases and exposure research but can be utilized as an environmental indicator of water quality impairment.

Using Caenorhabditis Elegans As An Environmental Indicator for Impaired Urbanized Watersheds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carresse Gerald ◽  
Boris Deshazo ◽  
Hayden Patterson ◽  
Porché Spence
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Urban Stream ◽  
Environmental Indicator ◽  
Water Contaminants ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Historically Black University ◽  
Impaired Water ◽  
Bacterial Food

Abstract Background Third Fork Creek is a historically impaired urban stream that flows through the city of Durham, North Carolina. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) are non-parasitic, soil and aquatic dwelling nematodes that have been used frequently as a biological and ecotoxicity model. We hypothesize that exposure to Third Fork Creek surface water will inhibit the reproduction and chemotaxis of C. elegans. Using our ring assay model, nematodes were enticed to cross the impaired water samples to reach a bacterial food source which allowed observation of chemotaxis. The total number of nematodes found in the bacterial food source and the middle of the plate with the impaired water source was recorded for three days. Results Our findings suggest a reduction in chemotaxis and reproduction on day three in nematodes exposed to Third Fork Creek water samples when compared to the control (pvalue<0.05). These exploratory data provide meaningful insight to the quality of Third Fork Creek located near a Historically Black University. Conclusions Further studies are necessary to elucidate the concentrations of the water contaminants and implications for human health. The relevance of this study lies within the model C. elegans, that has been used in a plethora of human diseases and exposure research but can be utilized as an environmental indicator of water quality impairment.

scholarly journals Assessment of Fluoride in Groundwater and Surface Water in Gorakhpur District, Uttar Pradesh, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VII) ◽  
pp. 2028-2036
Author(s):  
Aseem Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Common Element ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Groundwater Source

Fluorine is the most electronegative and most reactive halogen. Fluorine is 13th most common element on earth crust found in the form of fluoride. Concentration of fluoride below 1 mg/l are believed beneficial in the prevention of dental carries or tooth decay, but above 1.5mg/l, it increases the severity of the deadly diseases fluorosis, which is incurable in India. The whole study was conducted in Gorakhpur region to know about the concentration of fluoride, mainly in rural areas of the district. We have collected 64 drinking water samples from 9 blocks of the district in which we took 6 number of ground water samples from each block so total 54 number of samples were collected from the groundwater source and 8 number of samples were taken from surface water source. Out of 54 ground water samples, 36 numbers of samples were taken from India Mark-II hand pumps and rest 18 number of samples were taken from shallow depth hand pumps and tested to determine the concentration of fluoride. From our assessment we came to know that in this region the concentration of fluoride in groundwater ranges between 0.004 to 1.42mg/l, minimum value is found in the surface water source and the maximum value is found from the ground water source.The samples collected from both ground water and as well as surface water were taken from potable sources i.e. they are used for drinking purposes in daily routine. After the testing and analyzing the samples it is come to know that surface water has quite lower levels fluoride compare to ground water. The conclusion of this work is to give information about the concentration of fluoride in groundwater and surface water of the district.

scholarly journals Survey of Pythium and Phytophthora spp. in Irrigation Water Used by Colorado Commercial Greenhouses

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Pickett Pottorff ◽  
Karen L. Panter
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Lupinus Polyphyllus ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Irrigation Supply

The purpose of this study was to determine if irrigation water is a source of Pythium and Phytophthora spp. introduction into Colorado greenhouses. Nine greenhouses took part in the study; three each used municipal, well, or surface water as their irrigation supply. Water samples were collected from each greenhouse three times during Summer 1993. Samples were filtered, filter pads were incubated on selective media, and isolated pathogens were used to inoculate susceptible Cucumis sativus L. and Lupinus polyphyllus Findl. indicator plants. Pythium rostratum Butler and P. dissotocum Drechsler were isolated from surface water supplies. No Phytophthora was found in any water source. No differences were found in stem length or leaf number on inoculated versus control cucumbers or lupines. It was determined that both species of Pythium recovered are weak pathogens. Apparently, pathogenic Pythium and Phytophthora spp. are introduced into greenhouses in three counties in Colorado via means other than water supply.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of virulence genes and antibiotic resistance among fecal Escherichia coli isolated from surface water of Wadi Shueib-Jordan

10.3823/0804 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shereen Zeyad Burjaq ◽  
Saeid M. Abu-Romman ◽  
Moawya A. Haddad
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Running Water ◽  
E Coli

Objective.  Contamination of surface water with pathogenic organism is  highly dangerous for  people who used it for drinking or for domestic activities.  Detection of  Escherichia coli in water can be used as a general important indicator for fecal contamination .This study investigated the occurrence of  fecal E. coli and two important toxigenic types of  E. coli isolates and their  antimicrobial resistance in water samples collected from a surface water source ( Wadi Shueib) in Jordan .   Methods. A total of 51 water samples were collected from three different locations of wadi shueib over a three month, July through September, 2016. For each sample, 200 ml of water was collected in sterilized containers. All samples  which were positive for fecal E. coli were subcultured on Eosin methylelne blue agar and incubated at 37 ºC for 24 hours. E. coli isolates were identified by API- 20 E test , and all isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and for the presence of virulence genes of ETEC and EHEC.   Results. A total of 46 /51 (90%) of water samples were contaminated with fecal E. coli. These 46 E. coli isolates were resistant in the range  between 4%-76%  to  commonly used antibiotics in the treatment of urinary tract infection in Jordan. Multidrug resistant isolates to at least three antibiotics accounted for 17/46 (37%) of the isolates.   Out of 46 fecal E. coli isolates, 4(8.7%) were enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and 2 (4.3%) were enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) as detected using PCR.   Conclusion. This study indicated that the surface running water of Wadi Shueib is contaminated with potential enteropathogenic E. coli , and it can be a source of causing diarrheal diseases . Fecal E. coli isolates from water also showed high level of antibiotic resistance patterns comparable to human E. coli isolates in Jordan.

scholarly journals Stable Isotope Reveals Tap Water Source under Different Water Supply Modes in the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2578
Author(s):  
Mingxia Du ◽  
Mingjun Zhang ◽  
Shengjie Wang ◽  
Hongfei Meng ◽  
Cunwei Che ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Water Isotopes ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Qinghai Tibet Plateau

Based on 1260 tap water samples gathered monthly and 136 surface water samples collected seasonally in the eastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, the local tap water line, the basic spatiotemporal characteristics of tap water isotopes, and their indication for water source under different water supply modes were discussed, linking the local tap water supply and water source information. A new tap water isotopes data set based on dense sampling sites was established, which was reliable for the analysis of tap water isotope features, tap water supply management, and tap water sources. The main conclusions are: (1) The local tap water lines in Gannan and Longnan are δ2H = (7.06 ± 0.17) δ18O + (3.24 ± 1.75) (r2 = 0.81, p < 0.01) and δ2H = (5.66 ± 0.09) δ18O + (−8.12 ± 0.82) (r2 = 0.82, p < 0.01), respectively. (2) The annual mean δ2H and δ18O in tap water show an increasing trend from southwest to northeast. The seasonal differences of δ2H and δ18O in tap water in Gannan and Longnan are small. (3) The correlation of tap water isotopes with those in main source water is high, while that of isotopes in tap water with those in non-water source is low. Under the central water supply mode by local tap water company, tap water isotopes in Gannan where groundwater is the direct water source show weak connection with those in surface water and precipitation, and those in tap water in Longnan with surface water as main source water reveal good connection with isotopes in surface water. Under mixed water supply modes, tap water isotopes indicate that surface water is the main tap water source in Gannan and Longnan with multiple water sources.

scholarly journals Stability and Recovery of Triazine and Chloroacetamide Herbicides from pH Adjusted Water Samples by Using Empore Solid-Phase Extraction Disks and Gas Chromatography with Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry

2001 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 1070-1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C Mueller ◽  
Scott A Senseman ◽  
Kathy H Carson ◽  
Audie S Sciumbato
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Ion Trap ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
And Storage

Abstract Empore disks were used to successfully extract herbicide residues from a difficult-to-analyze surface water source and deionized water. Herbicide recoveries were lower in surface water at 7, 14, or 21 days after fortification and storage at 4°C, presumably due to chemical sorption onto precipitated organic particulates. The addition of acid to the samples, as recommended in EPA Method 525.2, did not affect recoveries of alachlor and metolachlor, but reduced recoveries of atrazine, simazine, and cyanazine. Treatment of water samples with sodium hypochlorite did not affect alachlor or metolachlor recoveries, but greatly reduced the recovery of all triazine herbicides. This indicates that addition of acid or sodium hypochlorite to water samples may be detrimental to triazine analysis.

Perchlorate, chlorate and bromate in water samples from the South-West coast of India

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 595-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. N. Anupama ◽  
K. Kannan ◽  
P. V. G. Prajeesh ◽  
S. Rugmini ◽  
B. Krishnakumar
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Well Water ◽  
The South ◽  
South West ◽  
South West Coast

Occurrence of perchlorate (ClO4−), chlorate (ClO3−) and bromate (BrO3−) in public drinking, open well and surface water sources at 20 locations in the South-West coastal state of Kerala (India) is reported. The analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography interfaced with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS). Irrespective of water source (public tap water, open well water and surface water) all the analyzed samples contained high levels of ClO4−, indicating its contamination throughout the region. The highest ClO4− level found was 91.4 μg/L, which is 3.7 times higher than US EPA recommendations. ClO3− and BrO3− were also detected in the samples, with highest concentrations of 177 and 5.34 μg/L respectively in tap water samples. Regression analysis showed moderate positive correlation between ClO4− and bromide (Br−) in tap water (r2=0.659) and open well water (r2=0.485) samples, respectively. Similar correlation was also observed between ClO4− and Cl− (r2=0.591) concentrations in well water samples, indicating sea water could be one of the probable sources in addition to ClO4− manufacturing in the area. This is the first report of high levels of ClO4− and ClO3− and detectable BrO3− in water samples from anywhere in India.

scholarly journals Heterotrophic bacteria in botte refill stations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Fantillo ◽  
BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health ◽  
Helen Heacock
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Bottle ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Carbon Filter

  Background: Heterotrophic bacteria are commonly found in water supplies where there is inadequate or non-existent disinfection. Water coolers are known to have high HPC levels due to the filtered, non-chlorinated water provided. Water bottle refill stations utilize a carbon filter which can act as a food source for HPC. This study measured HPC levels in water samples from bottle refill stations to determine whether there is a difference compared to tap water at BCIT. Method: Standard Method 9060 A was used to collect water from bottle refill stations to compare to non-filtered tap water. Samples were plated using R2A Agar and incubated for 7 days before enumerating HPC from water samples. Samples were collected from specific drinking water fountains that contained Carbon Filters and compared to the nearest tap water source. Results: Mean HPC levels in bottle refill stations were found at 95 cfu/mL while mean HPC levels in tap water were 55 cfu/mL. A two-sample T-test confirmed that the mean HPC levels of bottle refill stations and tap water are statistically significantly different (P= 0.000124). Although the findings were statistically significant, the study’s power was low at 11%. Conclusion: Based on the results, drinking water obtained from bottle-refill stations at BCIT contained on an average higher level of HPC compared to tap water. Overall, HPC levels were below recommended levels in drinking water and not considered to have any harmful effects. To continue the safe use of bottle refill stations, facilities should develop and follow written procedures to maintain stations and ensure regular changing of filters.  

Microbiological Examination of Omi-Ebo Stream and Pipeborne Water Supply in Ile-Ife for Potability

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-305
Author(s):  
O. Shonykan ◽  
U. A. Adekunle ◽  
N. N. Obiallor
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Baseline Data ◽  
Total Bacterial Count ◽  
Type I

The microbiological quality of a surface water source without any form of treatment and that of a selected treated pipe-borne water supply, all used for domestic purposes by the Ile-Ife community, were investigated to present baseline data on potability before the commencement of the new Ede water works. Water samples from Omi-ebo stream were taken from two types of sites viz: undisturbed surface water and agitated water from the stream edge and areas of decaying organic matter. The total bacterial count and coliform density of the agitated water were higher than those of the undisturbed surface water indicating that most of the micro-organisms are associated with decomposing organic matter. The coliform density (MPN method) and the total bacteria count showed gross faecal contamination of this water source. Isolation of E. coli type I and the presence of Clostridium melchii pointed to recent faecal and_remote pollution of this source. The presence of other heterotrophic bacteria with varying pigmentations was noted. The pipe-borne water samples indicated some degree of faecal pollution and did not meet the WHO standards for potable water. The baseline data suggest that the water supply sources io this community do not meet the acceptable standard. Efforts should be made by the local government to facilitate the completion of the Ede water works in order to fulfill the primary healthcare objective of providing an adequate potable water supply to the Ile-Ife community.

scholarly journals Stable Isotope Ratios in Tap Water of a Riverside City in a Semi-Arid Climate: An Application to Water Source Determination

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingxia Du ◽  
Mingjun Zhang ◽  
Shengjie Wang ◽  
Fenli Chen ◽  
Peipei Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Numerical Range ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Regional Water

Stable isotopes (e.g., δ2H and δ18O) in tap water are important tools to understand the local climate or environment background, water sources and the state of regional water supply. Based on 242 tap water samples, 35 precipitation samples and 24 surface water samples gathered in the urban area of Lanzhou, the basic spatiotemporal characteristics of isotopes in tap water, their connection with isotopes in other water bodies and change during the process from raw water to tap water are discussed in detail, combining the information of local tap water supply and water source. It can provide reliable help for understanding the isotope characteristics of local tap water, regional water supply management and determination of tap water source of in a small area. Except for the establishment of a new data set of isotopes in tap water with complete time series and uniform spatial distribution of sampling sites, other results show that: (1) The Local Tap Water Line (LTWL) of Lanzhou is δ2H = (6.03 ± 0.57) δ18O + (−8.63 ± 5.44) (r2 = 0.41, p < 0.01). (2) For seasonal variations, δ2H and δ18O in tap water both are higher in autumn and lower in spring. The diurnal and daily variations of isotopes in tap water are not large. As for spatial variations, the monthly mean values of δ2H and δ18O in tap water at each sampling site show little difference. The isotopes in tap water collected from one single sampling site can be considered as a representative for isotopes in tap water in the area with a single tap water source. (3) Isotopes in tap water show weak connection with precipitation isotopes, but exhibit good connection (consistent seasonal variation, similar numerical range, small numerical difference and high correlation) with isotopes in surface water, which is the direct water source. Isotopes in water change little from raw water to tap water. Isotopic composition of tap water in Lanzhou can be used as a representative of isotopes in surface water.

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