scholarly journals Genetic diversity of Anopheles stephensi in Ethiopia provides insight into patterns of spread

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar E. Carter ◽  
Solomon Yared ◽  
Dejene Getachew ◽  
Joseph Spear ◽  
Sae Hee Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Structure Variation ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Background The recent detection of the South Asian malaria vector Anopheles stephensi in the Horn of Africa (HOA) raises concerns about the impact of this mosquito on malaria transmission in the region. Analysis of An. stephensi genetic diversity and population structure can provide insight into the history of the mosquito in the HOA to improve predictions of future spread. We investigated the genetic diversity of An. stephensi in eastern Ethiopia, where detection suggests a range expansion into this region, in order to understand the history of this invasive population. Methods We sequenced the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome B gene (CytB) in 187 An. stephensi collected from 10 sites in Ethiopia in 2018. Population genetic, phylogenetic, and minimum spanning network analyses were conducted for Ethiopian sequences. Molecular identification of blood meal sources was also performed using universal vertebrate CytB sequencing. Results Six An. stephensi COI-CytB haplotypes were observed, with the highest number of haplotypes in the northeastern sites (Semera, Bati, and Gewana towns) relative to the southeastern sites (Kebridehar, Godey, and Degehabur) in eastern Ethiopia. We observed population differentiation, with the highest differentiation between the northeastern sites compared to central sites (Erer Gota, Dire Dawa, and Awash Sebat Kilo) and the southeastern sites. Phylogenetic and network analysis revealed that the HOA An. stephensi are more genetically similar to An. stephensi from southern Asia than from the Arabian Peninsula. Finally, molecular blood meal analysis revealed evidence of feeding on cows, goats, dogs, and humans, as well as evidence of multiple (mixed) blood meals. Conclusion We show that An. stephensi is genetically diverse in Ethiopia and with evidence of geographical structure. Variation in the level of diversity supports the hypothesis for a more recent introduction of An. stephensi into southeastern Ethiopia relative to the northeastern region. We also find evidence that supports the hypothesis that HOA An. stephensi populations originate from South Asia rather than the Arabian Peninsula. The evidence of both zoophagic and anthropophagic feeding support the need for additional investigation into the potential for livestock movement to play a role in vector spread in this region. Graphical Abstract

scholarly journals Tracking of Anopheles stephensi in Ethiopia using mitochondrial DNA reveals pattern of spread

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar E Carter ◽  
Solomon Yared ◽  
Dejene Getachew ◽  
Joseph Spear ◽  
Sae Hee Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Multiple Introductions ◽  
Minimum Spanning Network ◽  
History Of ◽  
Spread Analysis ◽  
The Impact

The recent detection of the South Asian malaria vector Anopheles stephensi in the Horn of Africa (HOA) raises concerns about the impact of this mosquito on malaria transmission in the region. The mode and history of introduction is important for predicting the likelihood of continued introduction and future spread. Analysis of An. stephensi genetic diversity and population structure can provide insight into the history of the mosquito in the HOA. We investigated genetic diversity of An. stephensi in eastern Ethiopia where detection suggests a range expansion to this region to understand the history of this invasive population. We sequenced the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome B gene (CytB) in 187 An. stephensi collected from 10 sites in Ethiopia in 2018. Phylogenetic analyses using a maximum-likelihood approach and minimum spanning network were conducted for Ethiopian sequences. Molecular identification of bloodmeal sources was also performed using universal vertebrate CytB sequencing. Six COI-CytB haplotypes were observed based on five segregating sites, with the highest number of haplotypes in the northeastern sites (Semera, Bati, and Gewana towns) relative to the southeastern sites (Kebridehar, Godey, and Degehabur) in eastern Ethiopia. In the phylogenetic and network analysis, we observed population differentiation based on the distribution of the haplotypes across the northeastern and central sites (Erer Gota, Dire Dawa, and Awash Sebat Kilo) compared to the southeastern sites and evidence of a South Asian origin of the HOA An. stephensi lineages. The presence of the putative South Asian haplotype of origin at sites closest to Ethiopia's northeastern borders support route of introductions into Ethiopia from the northeast. Finally, molecular bloodmeal analysis revealed evidence of feeding on bovines, goats, dogs, and humans, as well as evidence of multiple (mixed) blood meals. In conclusion, we find support for the hypothesis for the recent expansion of An. stephensi into southeastern Ethiopia with multiple introductions. We also find evidence that supports the hypothesis that HOA An. stephensi populations originate from South Asia rather than the Arabian Peninsula. The evidence of both zoophagic and anthropophagic feeding support the potential for livestock movement to play a role in vector spread in this region.

No Evidence of Low Genetic Diversity Despite High Levels of Inbreeding and Poor Genetic Connectivity Among Tetrastigma loheri (Vitaceae) Populations in Remaining Forest Areas in Cebu, Philippines

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 951-961
Author(s):  
Jasper John A. Obico ◽  
Hemres Alburo ◽  
Julie F. Barcelona ◽  
Marie Hale ◽  
Lisa Paguntalan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Habitat Fragmentation ◽  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Genetic Connectivity ◽  
Philippine Island ◽  
Low Genetic Diversity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gap Data ◽  
The Impact

Abstract— Little is known about the effects of habitat fragmentation on the patterns of genetic diversity and genetic connectivity of species in the remaining tropical forests of Southeast Asia. This is particularly evident in Cebu, a Philippine island that has a long history of deforestation and has lost nearly all of its forest cover. To begin filling this gap, data from 13 microsatellite loci developed for Tetrastigma loheri (Vitaceae), a common vine species in Philippine forests, were used to study patterns of genetic diversity and genetic connectivity for the four largest of the remaining forest areas in Cebu. Evidence of relatively high levels of inbreeding was found in all four areas, despite no evidence of low genetic diversity. The four areas are genetically differentiated, suggesting low genetic connectivity. The presence of inbreeding and low genetic connectivity in a commonly encountered species such as T. loheri in Cebu suggests that the impact of habitat fragmentation is likely greater on rare plant species with more restricted distributions in Cebu. Conservation recommendations for the remaining forest areas in Cebu include the establishment of steppingstone corridors between nearby areas to improve the movement of pollinators and seed dispersers among them.

Unleashing the Hidden Value of a Pipeline Through the Use of Visual Communications

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul B. Connor
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The People ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
History Of ◽  
Aboriginal History ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

How does the communication of information affect the pipeline industry? People are becoming more aware of the pipeline industry and how it may affect individuals and landowners in the future. Corporations are producing commuications tools to alleviate the lack of knowledge and the hidden value of energy pipelines. This case study examines two projects: “Passing through Edson” examines a winter pipeline construction job in Edson, Alberta. The story is told by the people on the job. We examine the environmental issues, economic impact, Native employment, and winter construction techniques. The “Boy Chief” video examines the impact of an archaeological dig on the prairies. In this program we have insight into the aboriginal history of the area and how the pipeline company is helping people learn more about the Native way of life. The paper examine how communication tools like these, allow employees access to information when communicating to stakeholders.

Temporal complexity in clinical manifestations of lung disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 1723-1731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urs Frey ◽  
Geoffrey Maksym ◽  
Béla Suki
Keyword(s):  
Lung Function ◽  
Statistical Physics ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Fluctuation Analysis ◽  
Temporal Complexity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

In this review, we summarize results of recent research on the temporal variability of lung function, symptoms, and inflammatory biomarkers. Specifically, we demonstrate how fluctuation analysis borrowed from statistical physics can be used to gain insight into neurorespiratory control and complex chronic dynamic diseases such as asthma viewed as a system of interacting components (e.g., inflammatory, immunological, and mechanical). Fluctuation analysis tools are based on quantifying the distribution and the short- and long-term temporal history of tidal breathing and lung function parameters to assess neurorespiratory control and monitor chronic disease. The latter includes the assessment of severity and disease control, the impact of treatment and environmental triggers, the temporal characterization of disease phenotypes, and the individual risk of exacerbation. While in many cases specific mechanistic insight into the fluctuations still awaits further research, appropriate analyses of the fluctuations already impact on clinical science and practice.

2. Assyrian places

2015 ◽  
pp. 8-44
Author(s):  
Karen Radner
Keyword(s):  
Core Region ◽  
Capital City ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Key Sites ◽  
Central Turkey ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Insight Into

‘Assyrian places’ considers the exploration of key sites that provide insight into Assyria’s rediscovery since the mid-19th century. Firstly, it looks at the city where everything started—Aššur, at the southern edge of the core region—where the empire of the first millennium first came together. Aššur and Kalhu (which replaced Aššur as capital city) are two of Iraq’s most significant archaeological sites. A glimpse at the trading colony at Kaneš in Central Turkey serves to investigate Assyrian history of the early second millennium bc further afield, while Dur-Katlimmu, an important provincial centre in Syria, serves to emphasize the impact of Assyria’s expansion from the 13th century bc onwards.

Of Mandarins, Legal Consciousness, and the Cultural Turn in US Legal History: Robert W. Gordon. 1984. Critical Legal Histories. Stanford Law Review 36:57–125

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (01) ◽  
pp. 167-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna L. Blumenthal
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Legal Consciousness ◽  
History Of ◽  
Legal Forms ◽  
History Of Doctrine ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Central Claim

This article traces the impact of Robert Gordon's “Critical Legal Histories” on scholars writing at the intersection of law and history. While Gordon's central claim about the constitutive character of the law has come to serve as a working assumption in the field, the case he made for the intellectual history of doctrine as articulated by legal mandarins has proven less influential in the twenty-five years since the article was published. Instead, legal historians have focused their attention on the interaction between official and lay forms of law-making with a decided emphasis on popular legal consciousness. For precisely this reason, the time may be ripe for reconsideration of mandarin materials, not only for what they have to tell us about the dynamics of cultural change, but also as sources of insight into basic puzzles of the human condition that have tended across time to be expressed in and through legal forms.

scholarly journals The Discerning Ear: Cardiac Auscultation in the Era of Artificial Intelligence and Telemedicine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivek Jani ◽  
David A Danford ◽  
W Reid Thompson ◽  
Andreas Schuster ◽  
Cedric Manlhiot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Cardiac Auscultation ◽  
Cardiac Murmur ◽  
New Era ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Paradigm Shifting ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Heart murmur, a thoracic auscultatory finding of cardiovascular origin, is extremely common in childhood and can appear at any age from premature newborn to late adolescence. The objective of this review is to provide a modern examination and update of cardiac murmur auscultation in this new era of artificial intelligence and telemedicine. First, we provide a comprehensive review of the causes and differential diagnosis, clinical features, evaluation, and long-term management of pediatric heart murmurs. Next, we provide a brief history of computer-assisted auscultation and murmur analysis, along with insight into the engineering design of the digital stethoscope. We conclude with a discussion of the paradigm shifting impact of deep learning on murmur analysis, artificial intelligence assisted auscultation, and the implications of these technologies on telemedicine in pediatric cardiology. It is our hope that this article provides an updated perspective on the impact of artificial intelligence on cardiac auscultation for the modern pediatric cardiologist.

‘I think’ (the thoughts of others). The German tradition of apperceptionism and the intellectual history of schizophrenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-404
Author(s):  
Liesbet De Kock
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
German Idealism ◽  
The Self ◽  
Aetiological Factor ◽  
Theoretical Position ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Theories Of Subjectivity ◽  
Crucial Part ◽  
Insight Into

Although contemporary approaches to schizophrenia pinpoint ‘disturbances of the self’ as a central aetiological factor, historical insight into the link between accounts of schizophrenia and theories of subjectivity and self-consciousness is poor. This paper aims to overcome this gap by providing the outlines of a largely forgotten but crucial part of the intellectual history of schizophrenia. In particular, the impact of the German tradition of apperceptionism on nineteenth-century accounts of schizophrenia is unearthed. This tradition emerged from German Idealism, and culminated in Emil Kraepelin’s account of dementia praecox. In addition to filling an important gap in the historiography of psychiatry, this analysis contributes to ongoing efforts to correct some common misunderstandings regarding Kraepelin’s theoretical position.

scholarly journals Genetic heterogeneity in natural beds of the razor clamEnsis siliquarevealed by microsatellites

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel A. Varela ◽  
Andrés Martínez-Lage ◽  
Ana M. González-Tizón
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Microsatellite Data ◽  
Prestige Oil Spill ◽  
History Of ◽  
Razor Clams ◽  
Source Populations ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this study was to analyse the genetic diversity and population structure in the razor clamEnsis siliquaalong the European Atlantic coast taking into account their recent history of exploitation and the ‘Prestige' oil spill. To this end we examined the genetic variability of microsatellite markers in 211 razor clams from five populations in Ireland, Portugal and Spain. Microsatellite data revealed a low genetic differentiation between the Spanish and Portuguese populations (FST = 0–0.032) and a moderate differentiation of these populations and the Irish samples (FST = 0.071–0.100). Although we observed changes in genetic diversity in accordance with the level of exploitation and the distribution of the oil spill, these changes were mild and not significant after Bonferroni correction. This could be the result of a genuine low impact, lack of statistical power and/or the capacity of this species to recolonize quickly after the impact of anthropogenic stressors. Supporting the latter argument we found a significant temporal heterogeneity of allelic frequencies in samples coming from the same sampling locality that could be attributed to the movement of adults or larvae from unaffected source populations.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document