Coping with Digital Extortion: An Experimental Study of Benefit Appeals and Normative Appeals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kay-Yut Chen ◽  
Jingguo Wang ◽  
Yan Lang
Keyword(s):  
Human Subject ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Strategic Interactions ◽  
Quantal Response ◽  
Investment Rate ◽  
Normative Appeals ◽  
Message Appeals ◽  
Payment Rate

Digital extortion has emerged as a significant threat to organizations that rely on information technologies for their operations. Using human subject experimentation, we study the effectiveness of message appeals in encouraging defenders to adopt two mitigation strategies, investment in security and refusal to pay ransoms, to digital extortion threats. We explore two types of appeals, benefit and normative, for this purpose. We find that the decisions of the defenders (representing any organization that can be a potential victim) deviate from the predictions of game theory. However, given the strategic interactions between the defenders and the attacker as well as noisy decision-making behaviors, it is challenging to untangle the influence of the appeals on the defenders. We develop a structural model based on the quantal response equilibrium framework to measure how message appeals change the defenders’ utilities of investment and payment refusal. Although the interventions may be successful in increasing the utilities of investment and/or payment refusal, their impacts on investment rate and payment rate are mitigated by the attacker reducing ransoms. Thus, it is challenging for an intervention to significantly boost a community’s investment rate or to suppress the ransom payment rate. We characterize how security outcomes of a community (including expected ransom, attack rate, investment rate, and payment rate) vary with the defenders’ utilities of investment and pay refusal. This paper was accepted by Chris Forman, information systems.

scholarly journals Influence of information technologies on technical fitness of students in sport-oriented physical education

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zh.L. Kozina ◽  
O.M. Ol'khovyj ◽  
V.A. Temchenko
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Program Material ◽  
Motor Functioning ◽  
Unified Algorithm ◽  
Shuttle Run

Purpose: to determine influence of information technologies in sport-oriented physical education on technical fitness of students, practicing football indoors. Material: in the researches students (boys - n=40) of 18-20 years’ age participated. Standard tests on physical condition were used. For determination of motor skills and abilities we used: juggling with ball; kick in pre-set sector of goal; shuttle run 4 x 10 meters with dribbling; kick for distance. Results: structural model of sport-oriented students’ physical education with application of information technologies has been formed. In the model all students are trained in sport-oriented academic groups by chosen kinds of sports (motor functioning). Such approach envisages holistic form of program material construction and unified algorithm of students’ progress assessment. Conclusions: the wholeness of sport-oriented physical education’s functioning is ensured at the account of application of information technologies. It permits to optimize motor skills’ training process. In this case single form of building of program material is created.

scholarly journals Model of students’ sport-oriented physical education with application of information technologies

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.M. Olkhovy ◽  
Y.M. Petrenko ◽  
V.A. Temchenko ◽  
A.N. Timchenko
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Healthy Life Style ◽  
Research Students ◽  
And Control ◽  
Working Out

Purpose: working out and practical application of approaches to perfection of physical education system’s functioning. Material: in the research students (boys- n=92, girls- n=45) of 18-20 years old took part. Results: structural model of students’ sport-oriented physical education with application of information technologies has been formed. The main purpose of such model’s creation was cultivation of students’ demand in physical functioning and formation of healthy life style in students’ environment. The model of the process includes orienting, executive and control components. In this model groups of commonly accepted physical education and sport-oriented groups function. Conclusions: Main structural components of the created model have been determined: conceptual, motivation-active, resulting.

scholarly journals Problems and tendencies of the documents flow in enterprise management information system

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 79-89
Author(s):  
T. Korolyuk ◽  
N. Kravchuk ◽  
I. Karp
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Management Information System ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Document Management ◽  
Enterprise Management ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Management Information ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Digital Documents

The essence and importance of the documents flow are investigated in this paper. It is determined that the success of any business entity depends on the proper choice of work with the documents. It is defined that documents flow as the movement of documents in space and time is the basis of the enterprise management information system. Properly and clearly organized documents flow of the business entity enhances the effectiveness of the enterprise management system, accelerates the exchange of documents between contractors, and increases the efficiency of accounting. Advantages and disadvantages of paper, digital and combined documents flow, their interrelation are defined. The types of models of composite (combined) documents flow (formal, conceptual, functional, logical, structural, and managerial) and the importance of application of the structural model for accounting documents flow, which includes business process design and its implementation in practice, are studied. The experience of the leading enterprises (communication operators Ukrtelecom, Kyivstar, Vodafone; delivery services Nova Poshta, Delivery, Ukrposhta; utilities) in the organization of the digital documents flow is investigated. It is determined that digital documents flow is becoming the need for modern business processes of Ukrainian enterprises. Features of the digital documents flow organization software under conditions of the information technologies development are revealed. Each of this software contains a set of functionalities and technical features for the organization of digital documents flow. It is emphasized that the selection of software depends on price range of companies-developers and the conditions of adaptation of digital documents flow systems to the specific needs of economic entities. Prospects for the organization of digital documents flow with the emphasis on the functionality and versatility of software, maximum integration with other software solutions are established. The key trend in the development of document management in the enterprise management information system is the idea of computer-assisted learning, i.e. the ability of modern services to work through updated forms.

The Study of Influential Adaptation of Information Technology between Buyers and Suppliers

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 45-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thawatchai Jitpaiboon ◽  
Qiannong Gu ◽  
Pankaj C. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
It Use ◽  
Supplier Relationships ◽  
Improve Measurement ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Adaptation Model

This research explores the mechanism by which the buyers and suppliers adopt different information technologies (IT) as they enter into buyer-supplier relationships. It further studies how buyers' technology choices influence suppliers' technology adaptation in an Influential Adaptation model. Using empirical data collected from the Society of Manufacturing Engineer's executives, a confirmatory factor analysis was used to improve measurement rigors including convergent validity, discriminant validity, and reliability. The Planning IT use sub-construct is developed for this study. The structural model results show that suppliers' adoption of IT use is largely influenced by buyers' level of IT use; however, there is no clear relationship pattern relating to suppliers' IT use.

scholarly journals Understanding Gaps Between Daily Living and Clinical Settings in Chronic Disease Management: Qualitative Study

10.2196/17590 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. e17590
Author(s):  
Mustafa Ozkaynak ◽  
Rupa Valdez ◽  
Katia Hannah ◽  
Gina Woodhouse ◽  
Patrick Klem
Keyword(s):  
Daily Living ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Physical Workload ◽  
Collaborative Management ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Health Information Technologies ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Clinician Education ◽  
Health Related

Background Management of chronic conditions entails numerous activities in both clinical and daily living settings. Activities across these settings interact, creating a high potential for a gap to occur if there is an inconsistency or disconnect between controlled clinical settings and complex daily living environments. Objective The aim of this study is to characterize gaps (from the patient’s perspective) between health-related activities across home-based and clinical settings using anticoagulation treatment as an example. The causes, consequences, and mitigation strategies (reported by patients) were identified to understand these gaps. We conceptualized gaps as latent phenomena (ie, a break in continuity). Methods Patients (n=39) and providers (n=4) from the anticoagulation clinic of an urban, western mountain health care system were recruited. Data were collected through primary interviews with patients, patient journaling with tablet computers, exit interviews with patients, and provider interviews. Data were analyzed qualitatively using a theory-driven approach and framework method of analysis. Results The causes of gaps included clinician recommendations not fitting into patients’ daily routines, recommendations not fitting into patients’ living contexts, and information not transferred across settings. The consequences of these gaps included increased cognitive and physical workload on the patient, poor patient satisfaction, and compromised adherence to the therapy plan. We identified resources and strategies used to overcome these consequences as patient-generated strategies, routines, collaborative management, social environment, and tools and technologies. Conclusions Understanding gaps, their consequences, and mitigating strategies can lead to the development of interventions that help narrow these gaps. Such interventions could take the form of collaborative health information technologies, novel patient and clinician education initiatives, and programs that strongly integrate health systems and community resources. Current technologies are insufficient to narrow the gaps between clinical and daily living settings due to the limited number and types of routines that are tracked.

QRE as a Structural Model for Estimation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob K. Goeree ◽  
Charles A. Holt ◽  
Thomas R. Palfrey
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Numerical Methods ◽  
Risk Aversion ◽  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Quantal Response ◽  
Likelihood Methods ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Methods ◽  
Parameters Of Interest

This chapter discusses the use of maximum-likelihood methods to estimate the precision and other parameters of interest, for example, those that capture risk aversion, inequity aversion, altruism, etc. It also considers “noisy Nash” and other (nonequilibrium) error specifications. This estimation can be done with any standard statistical package, for example, GAUSS, Mathematica, R, and MATLAB. The sample programs contained in this chapter are specified in a manner that is intended to clarify the underlying structure of the quantal response equilibrium (QRE) analysis and to illustrate how to use numerical methods to calculate QRE. The chapter is organized around a series of applications, each based on a laboratory experiment that presented interesting estimation issues.

scholarly journals Full integration of geomorphological, geotechnical, A-DInSAR and damage data for detailed geometric-kinematic features of a slow-moving landslide in urban area

Landslides ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Peduto ◽  
Mariantonia Santoro ◽  
Luigi Aceto ◽  
Luigi Borrelli ◽  
Giovanni Gullà
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Landslide Risk ◽  
Conditioning Factors ◽  
Source Data ◽  
Slow Moving ◽  
Set Up

Abstract The reconnaissance, mapping and analysis of kinematic features of slow-moving landslides evolving along medium-deep sliding surfaces in urban areas can be a difficult task due to the presence and interactions of/with anthropic structures/infrastructures and human activities that can conceal morphological signs of landslide activity. The paper presents an integrated approach to investigate the boundaries, type of movement, kinematics and interactions (in terms of damage severity distribution) with the built environment of a roto-translational slow-moving landslide affecting the historic centre of Lungro town (Calabria region, southern Italy). For this purpose, ancillary multi-source data (e.g. geological-geomorphological features and geotechnical properties of geomaterials), both conventional inclinometer monitoring and innovative non-invasive remote sensing (i.e. A-DInSAR) displacement data were jointly analyzed and interpreted to derive the A-DInSAR-geotechnical velocity (DGV) map of the landslide. This result was then cross-compared with detailed information available on the visible effects (i.e. crack pattern and width) on the exposed buildings along with possible conditioning factors to displacement evolution (i.e. remedial works, sub-services, etc.). The full integration of multi-source data available at the slope scale, by maximizing each contribution, provided a comprehensive outline of kinematic-geometric landslide features that were used to investigate the damage distribution and to detect, if any, anomalous locations of damage severity and relative possible causes. This knowledge can be used to manage landslide risk in the short term and, in particular, is propaedeutic to set up an advanced coupled geotechnical-structural model to simulate both the landslide displacements and the behavior of interacting buildings and, therefore, to implement appropriate risk mitigation strategies over medium/long period.

Structure-property relations of liquid crystalline polymers

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 460-463
Author(s):  
Linda C. Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Liquid Crystalline ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Crystalline Polymer ◽  
Liquid Crystalline Polymers ◽  
Mechanical Anisotropy ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Crystalline Polymers ◽  
Extended Chain

Recent liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) research has sought to define structure-property relationships of these complex new materials. The two major types of LCPs, thermotropic and lyotropic LCPs, both exhibit effects of process history on the microstructure frozen into the solid state. The high mechanical anisotropy of the molecules favors formation of complex structures. Microscopy has been used to develop an understanding of these microstructures and to describe them in a fundamental structural model. Preparation methods used include microtomy, etching, fracture and sonication for study by optical and electron microscopy techniques, which have been described for polymers. The model accounts for the macrostructures and microstructures observed in highly oriented fibers and films.Rod-like liquid crystalline polymers produce oriented materials because they have extended chain structures in the solid state. These polymers have found application as high modulus fibers and films with unique properties due to the formation of ordered solutions (lyotropic) or melts (thermotropic) which transform easily into highly oriented, extended chain structures in the solid state.

The Hierarchic Order of Intermediate Filament Structure and Assembly

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 722-725
Author(s):  
U. Aebi ◽  
E.C. Glavaris ◽  
R. Eichner
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Specificity ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Cdna Sequencing ◽  
Filament Structure ◽  
Keratin Filaments ◽  
Isoelectric Points ◽  
Immunological Crossreactivity

Five different classes of intermediate-sized filaments (IFs) have been identified in differentiated eukaryotic cells: vimentin in mesenchymal cells, desmin in muscle cells, neurofilaments in nerve cells, glial filaments in glial cells and keratin filaments in epithelial cells. Despite their tissue specificity, all IFs share several common attributes, including immunological crossreactivity, similar morphology (e.g. about 10 nm diameter - hence ‘10-nm filaments’) and the ability to reassemble in vitro from denatured subunits into filaments virtually indistinguishable from those observed in vivo. Further more, despite their proteinchemical heterogeneity (their MWs range from 40 kDa to 200 kDa and their isoelectric points from about 5 to 8), protein and cDNA sequencing of several IF polypeptides (for refs, see 1,2) have provided the framework for a common structural model of all IF subunits.

An HREM study of superstructures in Ca4Al6SO16

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 1066-1067
Author(s):  
Y.G. Wang ◽  
H.Q. Ye ◽  
K.H. Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Aluminate ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Bright Spot ◽  
Sulphur Atom ◽  
Synthetic Compound ◽  
Space Group ◽  
Lattice Images ◽  
Cubic Structure ◽  
Good Agreement

A synthetic compound Ca4Al6SO16 (usually abbreviated as C4A3S) obtained by mixing CaO, A12O3 and CaSO4 powders and finally sintered at 1380°C is a cement with excellent hydraulicity and greatly expanding in application. It is hydralysed rapidly by water to form predominatly calcium aluminate hydrates and therefore unlikly to occur naturally, although structurally it may be regarded as an end member of the sodalite-hauynite series of naturally occuring minerals. C4A3S has a cubic structure with ao=9.19Å and space group . Fig.1 is the projection viewed down axis, in which there are two sets of 8C position in , namely CaI and CaII, occupied by the calcium atoms, respectively, and the ratio of occupations in these two sets of positions is about 3:1. This suggests that the calcium atoms can freely occupy these sites in various degrees and usually they almost locates on the CaI positions. A through-focus series of the lattice images were found in good agreement with the simulated ones. Each bright spot in the image taken at Scherzer defocus correspounds to a colunm of sulphur atom in the structural model (Fig.1).

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