scholarly journals Cholera outbreak in Forcibly Displaced Myanmar National (FDMN) from a small population segment in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. e0009618
Author(s):  
Abu S. G. Faruque ◽  
Azharul Islam Khan ◽  
Baitun Nahar ◽  
S. M. Rafiqul Islam ◽  
M. Nasif Hossain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Treatment Center ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Cholera Outbreak ◽  
Host Country Nationals ◽  
Routine Surveillance ◽  
Water Seal ◽  
Cholera Vaccination

Background Bangladesh experienced a sudden, large influx of forcibly displaced persons from Myanmar in August 2017. A cholera outbreak occurred in the displaced population during September-December 2019. This study aims to describe the epidemiologic characteristics of cholera patients who were hospitalized in diarrhea treatment centers (DTCs) and sought care from settlements of Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals (FDMN) as well as host country nationals during the cholera outbreak. Methods Diarrhea Treatment Center (DTC) based surveillance was carried out among the FDMN and host population in Teknaf and Leda DTCs hospitalized for cholera during September-December 2019. Results During the study period, 147 individuals with cholera were hospitalized. The majority, 72% of patients reported to Leda DTC. Nearly 65% sought care from FDMN settlements. About 47% of the cholera individuals were children less than 5 years old and 42% were aged 15 years and more. Half of the cholera patients were females. FDMN often reported from Camp # 26 (45%), followed by Camp # 24 (36%), and Camp # 27 (12%). Eighty-two percent of the cholera patients reported watery diarrhea. Some or severe dehydration was observed in 65% of cholera individuals. Eighty-one percent of people with cholera received pre-packaged ORS at home. About 88% of FDMN cholera patients reported consumption of public tap water. Pit latrine without water seal was often used by FDMN cholera individuals (78%). Conclusion Vigilance for cholera patients by routine surveillance, preparedness, and response readiness for surges and oral cholera vaccination campaigns can alleviate the threats of cholera.

scholarly journals Refugee Settlements and Cholera Risks in Uganda, 2016–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 1225-1231
Author(s):  
Godfrey Bwire ◽  
Christopher Garimoi Orach ◽  
Freda Loy Aceng ◽  
Sam Emmanuel Arianitwe ◽  
David Matseketse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Control ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Treatment Center ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Cholera Outbreak ◽  
Registration Process ◽  
Standardized Protocol ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Cholera Vaccination

ABSTRACTDuring 2016 to 2019, cholera outbreaks were reported commonly to the Ministry of Health from refugee settlements. To further understand the risks cholera posed to refugees, a review of surveillance data on cholera in Uganda for the period 2016–2019 was carried out. During this 4-year period, there were seven such outbreaks with 1,495 cases and 30 deaths in five refugee settlements and one refugee reception center. Most deaths occurred early in the outbreak, often in the settlements or before arrival at a treatment center rather than after arrival at a treatment center. During the different years, these outbreaks occurred during different times of the year but simultaneously in settlements that were geographically separated and affected all ages and genders. Some outbreaks spread to the local populations within Uganda. Cholera control prevention measures are currently being implemented; however, additional measures are needed to reduce the risk of cholera among refugees including oral cholera vaccination and a water, sanitation and hygiene package during the refugee registration process. A standardized protocol is needed to quickly conduct case–control studies to generate information to guide future cholera outbreak prevention in refugees and the host population.

scholarly journals Diarrhea treatment center (DTC) based diarrheal disease surveillance in settlements in the wake of the mass influx of forcibly displaced Myanmar national (FDMN) in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, 2018

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0254473
Author(s):  
Abu S. G. Faruque ◽  
Azharul Islam Khan ◽  
S. M. Rafiqul Islam ◽  
Baitun Nahar ◽  
M. Nasif Hossain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Host Community ◽  
Treatment Center ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tube Well ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Susceptibility Tests

Background In August 2017, after a large influx of forcibly displaced Myanmar nationals (FDMN) in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh diarrhea treatment centers (DTCs) were deployed. This study aims to report the clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory characteristics of the hospitalized patients. Methods The study followed cross-sectional design. In total 1792 individuals were studied. Other than data, a single, stool specimen was subjected to one step rapid visual diagnostic test for Vibrio cholerae. The provisionally diagnosed specimens of cholera cases were inoculated into Cary-Blair Transport Medium; then sent to the laboratory of icddr,b in Dhaka to isolate the colony as well as perform antibiotic susceptibility tests. Data were analyzed by STATA and analyses included descriptive as well as analytic methods. Results Of the total 1792 admissions in 5 DTCs, 729 (41%) were from FDMN settlements; children <5 years contributed the most (n = 981; 55%). Forty percent (n = 716) were aged 15 years and above, and females were predominant (n = 453; 63%). Twenty-eight percent (n = 502) sought treatment within 24h of the onset of diarrhea. FDMN admissions within 24h were low compared to host hospitalization (n = 172, 24% vs. n = 330, 31%; p<0.001). Seventy-two percent (n = 1295) had watery diarrhea; more common among host population than FDMN (n = 802; 75% vs. n = 493; 68%; p<0.001). Forty-four percent admissions (n = 796) had some or severe dehydration, the later was common in FDMN (n = 46; 6% vs. n = 36; 3%, p = 0.005). FDMN often used public taps (n = 263; 36%), deep tube-well (n = 243; 33%), and shallow tube well (n = 188; 26%) as the source of drinking water. Nearly 96% (n = 698) of the admitted FDMN used pit latrines as opposed to 79% (n = 842) from the host community (p<0.001). FDMN children were often malnourished. None of the FDMN reported cholera. Conclusion No diarrhea outbreak was detected, but preparedness for surges and response readiness are warranted in this emergency and crisis setting.

Molecular Detection of Adenovirus in Tap Water from Coastal Areas Of Karachi Pakistan:The Real-Time PCR Assay

2021 ◽  
Vol 156 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S140-S140
Author(s):  
A Kalam
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Acid Extraction ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Viral Contamination

Abstract Introduction/Objective Diarrhea is a major source of morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries. In underdeveloped countries, diseases caused by viruses identified in environmental samples cause major health problems. Little knowledge about the frequency and pattern of viral contamination of drinking water sources in these resource-poor settings. Adenovirus which causes watery diarrhea, particular has been recognized as important causal pathogen. Adenovirus remains a global threat to public health and an indicator of inequity and lack of social development. Tap water samples from coastal sites in Karachi between 2019 and 2020 over a period of 11 months. The total of 40 tap water sample was examined for infectious Adenovirus by a real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Methods/Case Report This Pilot study is conducted on tap water samples from Karachi Pakistan, n=40 are processed. Extraction of nucleic acid from all filtered water samples collected with Sterivex filter units by using Qiagen DNeasy Power Water Sterivex Kit. As per the manufacturer’s instruction. Phocine herpesvirus(PhHV) is added as an external positive control to monitor the efficiency of nucleic acid extraction and amplification. TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix (Thermo Fisher Scientific) is being used in probe based real time PCR assay,the below 35 Ct value is considered as a positive sample. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) Results showed the total of 37.7% of the sources were positive for adenovirus.The level of viral contamination was moderate to high. Conclusion The results has been showed that no seasonal pattern for viral contaminations was found after samples obtained during the dry and wet seasons were compared. Further the Real time PCR assay increases the sensitivity and provides the high resolution of pathogen detection.

scholarly journals Protracted cholera outbreak in the Central Region, Ghana, 2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
Gyesi Issahaku ◽  
Franklin Asiedu-Bekoe ◽  
Samuel Kwashie ◽  
Francis Broni ◽  
Paul Boateng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Treatment Center ◽  
Cholera Outbreak ◽  
Cape Coast ◽  
Point Of Care Test ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Health Directorate

Objective: On 24th October 2016, the Central Regional Health Directorate received report of a suspected cholera outbreak in the Cape Coast Metropolis (CCM). We investigated to confirm the diagnosis, identify risk factors and implement control measures.Design: We used a descriptive study followed by 1:2 unmatched case-control study.Data source: We reviewed medical records, conducted active case search and contact tracing, interviewed case-patients and their contacts and conducted environmental assessment. Case-patients' stool samples were tested with point of care test kits (SD Bioline Cholera Ag 01/0139) and sent to the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital Laboratory for confirmation.Main outcomes: Cause of outbreak, risk factors associated with spread of outbreakResults: Vibrio cholerae serotype Ogawa caused the outbreak. There was no mortality. Of 704 case-patients, 371(52.7%) were males and 55(7.8%) were aged under-five years. The median age was 23 years (interquartile range: 16-32 years). About a third 248(35.2%) of the case patients were aged 15-24 years. The University of Cape Coast subdistrict was the epicenter with 341(48.44%) cases. Compared to controls, cholera case-patients were more likely to have visited Cholera Treatment Centers (CTC) (aOR=12.1, 95%CI: 1.5-101.3), drank pipe-borne water (aOR=11.7, 95%CI: 3.3-41.8), or drank street-vended sachet water (aOR=11.0, 95%CI: 3.7-32.9). Open defecation and broken sewage pipes were observed in the epicenter.Conclusion: Vibrio cholerae serotype Ogawa caused the CCM cholera outbreak mostly affecting the youth. Visiting CTC was a major risk factor. Prompt case-management, contact tracing, health education, restricting access to CTC and implementing water sanitation and hygiene activities helped in the control.Keywords: Cholera outbreak, Vibrio cholerae serotype Ogawa, Cholera treatment center, Water sanitation and hygiene, Cape Coast MetropolisFunding: This work was supported by Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program (GFELTP), University of Ghana

scholarly journals Cholera and household water treatment why communities do not treat water after a cholera outbreak: a case study in Limpopo Province

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
Lutendo S. Mudau ◽  
Murembiwa S. Mukhola ◽  
Paul R. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Health Education ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
Cholera Outbreak ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Health Gains ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Vhembe District ◽  
Environmental Health Education

Background: Cholera is one of the common diseases in developing countries caused by consumption of contaminated and untreated drinking water. A study was conducted 7 months after a cholera outbreak in Vhembe district, Limpopo, South Africa. The aim of the study was to assess if the communities were still conforming to safe water practices after an outbreak of cholera.Methodology: One hundred and fifty-two (152) participants from 11 villages were recruited to form 21 focus groups, with a mean of 7. The interview transcripts were coded and arranged based on the study themes.Results: Of the 21 groups in 11 villages, three villages were using water from boreholes, six were using river water and three were using mixed sources which included river, canal and spring water, three depended on municipal tanks and only six were using tap water. Only 19% of the respondents treated their water, even though the majority of communities reported treatment of water as a priority. Four villages claimed they never received environmental health education at all, while most of the villages confirmed they received education during a cholera outbreak.Conclusion: Regardless of the outbreak and health education efforts done, communities continued using unprotected water sources without any form of treatment, as they perceived it to be unimportant. Sustainable water supplies and environmental health education should be continued after an outbreak as it is important for public health gains.

scholarly journals Survey of human pharmaceuticals in drinking water in the Czech Republic

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frantisek Kozisek ◽  
Ivana Pomykacova ◽  
Hana Jeligova ◽  
Vaclav Cadek ◽  
Veronika Svobodova
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Large Scale Assessment ◽  
Public Water Systems ◽  
Initial Survey

The first large-scale assessment of pharmaceuticals in drinking water in the Czech Republic (CR) focused on the detection of five substances. Samples were collected from public water systems supplying 5.3 million people, 50.5% of the Czech population. In the initial survey of tap water from 92 major supply zones using mostly surface water, no pharmaceutical exceeded the limit of quantification (LOQ = 0.5 ng/L). In a second survey, samples were collected from the outlet of 23 water treatment plants (WTPs) considered of high risk because they use surface waters influenced by wastewater. Ibuprofen was the most frequently found pharmaceutical (19 samples), followed by carbamazepine (12), naproxen (8), and diclofenac (3); concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 20.7 ng/L, with medians below 6 ng/L. Concentrations of 17α-ethinylestradiol were below the LOQ. A follow-up survey included tap and outlet samples from eight of the 23 WTPs with the highest concentrations. Pharmaceuticals were quantified in only three tap water samples. Regarding risks to consumers, these results suggest that a relatively small population (&lt;10%) in the CR is exposed to quantifiable concentrations of pharmaceuticals in tap water and that an extremely high margin of safety (several thousand-fold to several million-fold) is associated with these exposures.

scholarly journals Cholera Outbreak in Hadhramout, Yemen: The Epidemiological Weeks 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
Eidha Ali Bin-Hameed ◽  
Huda Ameen Joban
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cholera Outbreak ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Acute Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Significant Difference

Background and aims: Cholera is a disease of acute watery diarrhea caused by Vibrio cholerae usually transmitted through contaminated water. In this study, we collected and analyzed the related epidemiological data to determine cholera outbreak in Hadhramout, Yemen during the disease epidemic in 2019. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted according to screening rapid diagnostic and confirmatory laboratory culture testing methods for diagnosing clinically cholera cases. Results: Suspected cholera cases were tested by rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and 399 (50.5%) out of 794 cases were determined positive, and 76(9.6%) of them were confirmed by laboratory culture test (LCT) with statistically significant difference. Serotype V. cholerae O1 was also detected in patients’ diarrhea. Females were the most affected by the disease manifested in 201 (25.3%) and 43 (5.4%) when tested by RDT and LCT, respectively, with no statistically significant difference. The highest proportion of cholera cases (224) were reported in the age group less than 15 years (56.1%) with statistically significant difference when tested by RDT, and 45(13.3%) when tested by LCT with insignificant statistics difference. Hajr directorate was revealed to be the most affected with 242 (30.47%) followed by Mukalla city directorate with 108 (13.60%) when the cases were tested by RDT; while Hajr and Mukalla city directorates reported 55 (7.0%) and 15 (2.0%), respectively, when it was confirmed by LCT with a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Severe cholera outbreak occurred during the epidemiological weeks in 2019 in Hadhramout coast. V. cholerae O1 serotype was the causative agent of cholera. Females and age group less than 15 years were the most affected by the disease. Hajr and Mukalla city directorates reported serious outbreak cholera cases.

scholarly journals A large cholera outbreak in Kano City, Nigeria: the importance of hand washing with soap and the danger of street-vended water

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvan Hutin ◽  
Stephen Luby ◽  
Christophe Paquet
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Acute Diarrhoea ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Water Age ◽  
Cholera Outbreak ◽  
Recent Onset ◽  
Municipal Water Supply ◽  
Hygiene Practices

The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for cholera during an outbreak in Nigeria. Cases were defined as recent onset of acute diarrhoea with dehydration in a patient hospitalised at the Infectious Diseases Hospital in Kano City. Meningitis patients admitted concurrently at the same hospital were recruited as unmatched controls. Data were collected on age, sex, place of residence, hygienic practices, and on food and water consumption. A total of 5600 cholera cases and 340 cholera deaths were reported between December 1995 and May 1996 (attack rate=86.3 per 100,000 population) in the state of Kano. Compared to the 77 controls, the 102 cases were more likely to have drunk street-vended water (age-adjusted odds ratio (AAOR)=3.2; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4–7.1) and less likely to have drunk tap water in their homes (AAOR=0.2; 95% CI: 0.1–0.7) or to have washed hands with soap prior to eating food (AAOR=0.2; 95% CI: 0.1–0.6). While no data suggested that the municipal water supply was contaminated, safe water systems and hand hygiene practices might have prevented a high proportion of cases if implemented early during this outbreak.

Investigation of a Cholera Outbreak in Ethiopia's Oromiya Region

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 312-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan A. Bartels ◽  
P. Gregg Greenough ◽  
M. Tamar ◽  
Michael J. VanRooyen
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
International Health ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Treatment Center ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
Acute Watery Diarrhea ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACTObjectives: In late June 2006, Ethiopia's Oromiya Region was affected by an outbreak of acute watery diarrhea, subsequently confirmed to be caused by Vibrio cholerae O1, a pathogen not known to be endemic to this area. Despite initial control efforts, the outbreak quickly spread to neighboring zones and regions. The Oromiya Health Bureau required public health assistance to investigate the outbreak, determine potential causes, and assess the adequacy of the response, particularly given the concern that the number of cases being reported by health care personnel might represent only a fraction of what actually existed in the community.Methods: A physician-epidemiologist–led team assessed the Guji, Bale, and East Shewa zones from September 15 to October 9, 2006. By using a purposive sample, we surveyed health bureau staff and cholera treatment center (CTC) staff and community members, assessed CTC sites, and interviewed key personnel of the various organizations responding to the outbreak.Results: The cholera cases mapped along the Ganale River. The individual attack rates were low (ranging from ~ 0.03% to ~ 4.12%), as was the overall attack rate for all 3 zones (almost 0.50%). The individual CTC case fatality rates ranged from 0% to 6.4%, and the overall case fatality rate was 1.11%. There was a trend toward men being disproportionately affected. This outbreak resulted primarily from poor sanitation and insufficient access to clean water. In Oromiya, the outbreak was addressed by a prompt and effective response, which included village chairmen at the community level. The use of community-based workers was successful and likely contributed significantly to control of the outbreak.Conclusion: Future epidemics will undoubtedly occur unless basic water and sanitation deficiencies are properly addressed. This outbreak prompts the need for increased local public health capacity to apply prevention strategies and establish ongoing surveillance. Signatories to the World Health Organization International Health Regulations must report outbreaks of nonendemic diseases.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:312-317)

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document