scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the sleep quality of medical professionals in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-155
Author(s):  
Janaína Mariana de Araújo Miranda Brito-Marques ◽  
Clélia Maria Ribeiro Franco ◽  
Paulo Roberto de Brito-Marques ◽  
Sandra Cristina Gonçalves Martinez ◽  
Gilmar Fernandes do Prado
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
World Population ◽  
Psychological Resilience ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Related Factors

ABSTRACT Introduction: Coronavirus pandemic began in China in 2019 (COVID-19), causing not only public health problems but also great psychological distress, especially for physicians involved in coping with the virus or those of the risk group in social isolation, and this represents a challenge for the psychological resilience in the world population. Studies showed that health professionals had psychological symptoms such as depression, anxiety, insomnia, stress, among others. Objectives: To investigate the quality of sleep and the prevalence rate of sleeping disorders among physicians during COVID-19 pandemic, and identify the psychological and social factors associated with the condition. Methods: A cross-sectional study of an online questionnaire was applied for physicians in Brazil. Among the 332 participants included, 227 were women. Sociodemographic assessment was used in the questionnaire, as well as the scale of impact on the events of modifications caused by COVID-19, assessment on sleep quality (PSQI), presence and severity of insomnia (ISI), depressive symptoms (PHQ-9), and anxiety (GAD-7). Results: Most physicians (65.6%) had changes in sleep. Poor sleep quality was reported by 73.1%, depressive symptoms were present in 75.8%, and anxiety in 73.4%. Conclusion: Our study found that more than 70% of the physicians assessed had impaired sleep quality, characterizing insomnia symptoms during COVID-19 outbreak. Related factors included an environment of isolation, concerns about COVID-19 outbreak and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Special interventions are needed to promote health professionals’ mental well-being and implement changes in this scenario.

scholarly journals The prevalence and risk factors for depressive symptoms in frontline nurses under COVID-19 pandemic based on a large cross-sectional study using the propensity score-matched method

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyan Wang ◽  
Xiaoling Dai ◽  
Zichuan Yao ◽  
Xianqing Zhu ◽  
Yunzhong Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Psychological Capital ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Poor Sleep Quality ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Introduction To explore the prevalence of depressive symptoms and the associated risk factors in frontline nurses under COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted from February 20, 2020 to March 20, 2020 and involved 562 frontline nurses. The effective response rate was 87.68%. After propensity score matched, there were 498 participants left. Extensive characteristics, including demographics, dietary habits, life-related factors, work-related factors, and psychological factors were collected based on a self-reported questionnaire. Specific scales measured the levels of sleep quality, physical activity, depressive symptoms, perceived organization support and psychological capital. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were determined by binary paired logistic regression. Results Of the nurses enrolled in the study, 50.90% had depressive symptoms. Three independent risk factors were identified: poor sleep quality (OR = 1.608, 95% CI: 1.384–1.896), lower optimism of psychological capital (OR = 0.879, 95% CI: 0.805–0.960) and no visiting friend constantly (OR = 0.513, 95% CI: 0.286–0.920). Conclusions This study revealed a considerable high prevalence of depressive symptoms in frontline nurses during the COVID-19 outbreak, and identified three risk factors, which were poor sleep quality, lower optimism of psychological capital, and no visiting friend constantly. Protecting mental health of nurses is important for COVID-19 pandemic control and their wellbeing. These findings enrich the existing theoretical model of depression and demonstrated a critical need for additional strategies that could address the mental health in frontline nurses for policymakers.

scholarly journals The influence of subjective sleep quality on the association between eveningness and depressive symptoms.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Mary Horne ◽  
Ray Norbury
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Mediation Analysis ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Subjective Sleep Quality ◽  
Subjective Sleep ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Healthy Participants

Increasing evidence suggests that eveningness is associated with increased risk for depression. Eveningness, however, is also associated with poor sleep quality and the unique role of eveningness in depressive symptomatology remains to be elucidated. The goal of the current study, therefore, was to examine the inter-relationships between eveningness, subjective sleep quality and depressive symptoms in healthy participants free of current or previous depression and sleep disorder. Here, 167 healthy participants (mean age 24.16, 129/38 females/males) completed the reduced Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Bootstrap mediation analysis for a simple mediation model including rMEQ, PSQI and CES-D was applied. Eveningness was associated with increased depressive symptoms and mediation analysis showed that this relationship was partly mediated by sleep quality. Our results suggest that indicators of depression observed in evening-type individuals cannot be attributed exclusively to disturbed sleep. We suggest that interventions that target both sleep quality and dysfunctionl cognitive styles would be optimal to promote well-being in evening-type individuals.

Poor Sleep Quality Among Adolescents With ASD Is Associated With Depressive Symptoms, Problem Behaviors, and Conflicted Family Relationships

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice N. Phung ◽  
Maryam M. Abdullah ◽  
Wendy A. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Adolescent Relationships ◽  
Adolescents With Autism ◽  
Adolescents With Asd

To better understand correlates of sleep issues for adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), we conducted two related studies of sleep quality in association with adolescent well-being and family relationships. In Study 1, 28 adolescents with ASD, 27 typically developing (TD) adolescents, and their mothers, participated. Mothers and adolescents independently completed questionnaires about sleep and adolescent functioning. In Study 2, 20 adolescents with ASD and their mothers participated, and actigraphy was used to measure sleep quality. Regression results from Study 1 indicated more daytime sleepiness was associated with more depressive symptoms and more discordant mother–adolescent relationships in the ASD sample. More sleep–wake problems were associated with more depressive symptoms in TD adolescents. In Study 2, more time asleep and poorer sleep efficiency were associated with more depressive symptoms and discordant sibling relationships. These findings suggest that helping adolescents with ASD with their sleep issues may confer benefits in other parts of their lives.

scholarly journals The impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the quality of sleep by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1457-1466
Author(s):  
Luiz Felipe Ferreira de Souza ◽  
Laisa Liane Paineiras-Domingos ◽  
Maria Eduarda de Souza Melo-Oliveira ◽  
Juliana Pessanha-Freitas ◽  
Eloá Moreira-Marconi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Poor Sleep Quality ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This article aims to evaluate the sleep quality in individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Searches were conducted in the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and PEDro databases, on May 22, 2020. In the publications, 208 articles were found and, considering the eligibility criteria, 10 articles were included at the end, showing the effects on sleep quality during the pandemic, in populations hospitalized, quarantined, and in frontline health professionals. The PSQI measured sleep disorders and a higher score indicated poor sleep quality. Nine articles were classified with evidence level IV and one as level III-2. Eight studies present a “serious” risk of bias and two in “moderate”. The studies investigated different populations and described the results as “poor” sleep quality, considering the PSQI on quarantined individuals and frontline health professionals as the most committed. A poor sleep quality was found in the populations evaluated in the selected publications, probably, due to the COVID-19 to contribute as a risk factor for mental health. Psychological interventions must be made to minimize the consequences through social support and social capital.

scholarly journals Health status, resilience and quality of life of first and fourth year nursing students

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Marques da Silva ◽  
Ana Lucia Siqueira Costa ◽  
Fernanda Carneiro Mussi ◽  
Fernanda Michelle Santos e Silva ◽  
Keila Cristina Félis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Nursing Education ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Nursing Students ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Cross Sectional

Objective: To compare the health status (stress, depressive symptoms and sleep quality), the resilience and quality of life in first and fourth year nursing students.Methods: This is a cross-sectional research conducted in 2016 with 86 students enrolled in first and fourth years of the nursing degree. We applied the instrument for Assessment of Stress in Nursing Students, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index, Wagnild and Young’s Resilience Scale; and the WHOQOL-BREF. ANOVA (Test F) was applied for data analysis.Results and conclusions: A total of 49 first-year and 37 fourth-year students were sampled for this study. Fourth- year nursing students showed higher levels of stress, lower intensity of depressive symptoms and higher quality of life and resilience levels. The poor sleep quality was prevalent in both groups. Conclusion: although the nursing education potentially contributes for students’ sickness, the experiences lived in this period may strength the resilience skills.Conclusions: Video indexing and retrieval are accomplished by using hashing and $k$-d tree methods, while visual signatures containing color, shape and texture information are estimated for the key-frames, by using image and frequency domain techniques. Experimental results with the dataset of a multimedia information system especially developed for managing television broadcast archives demonstrate that our approach works efficiently, retrieving videos in 0.16 seconds on average and achieving recall, precision and F1 measure values, as high as 0.76, 0.97 and 0.86 respectively.

scholarly journals Resilience And Mental Health Among Young Adults In The Context of Lockdown Due To The COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darío Guerrero-Vaca ◽  
Valeria Carpio-Arias ◽  
Andrés Rodríguez-Betancourt ◽  
Patricio Inca Ruiz ◽  
Andrés Fernando Vinueza-Veloz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Psychological Resilience ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Preventive Public Health

Abstract Purpose: Psychological resilience is defined as the ability of an individual to adapt to adverse situations and in a certain way regulate mental health. Currently, the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures implemented to avoid infection are considered risk agents for the development of mental disorders. The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between resilience capacity and the presence of depressive symptoms and poor sleep quality in the context of lockdown due to the pandemic. Methods: The sample consisted of n = 8,426 young adults who were recruited via convenience sampling. Sociodemographic and mental health data was collected through online surveys. Previously validated test were used to collect information on depression and sleep quality. Restriction of mobility was evaluated using information from Google Mobility Reports. Results: Most of participants were highly educated women. Independently from sex, age and other confounders, individuals with psychological resilience were less likely to develop depressive symptoms or sleep disorders during confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, higher mobility restriction was associated with depression but not with bad sleep quality. In this way, a longest stay at home and a higher restriction of mobility to groceries and pharmacies were related to depression. Conclusions: These results show evidence of the importance of psychological resilience on mental health, and can contribute to the development of preventive public health interventions to face the negative effects of confinement on mental health.

Chất lượng giấc ngủ và các yếu tố liên quan ở bệnh nhân ung thư tại Bệnh viện Trường Đại học Y Dược Huế

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Dung Ho
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Quality Of Sleep ◽  
Poor Sleep Quality ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Falling Asleep

TÓM TẮT Giới thiệu: Các rối loạn về giấc ngủ: khó khăn khi đi vào giấc ngủ, duy trì giấc ngủ, chất lượng giấc ngủ kém, dậy sớm và ngủ ban ngày quá nhiều mà bệnh nhân ung thư phải trải qua thường xuyên nhưng thường hay bị bỏ sót và chưa được chú ý đến. Mục tiêu: Đánh giá chất lượng giấc ngủ và tìm hiểu các yếu tố liên quan đến chất lượng giấc ngủ ở bệnh nhân ung thư đang được điều trị tại bệnh viện trường đại học Y dược Huế. Phương pháp nghiên cứu: Phương pháp nghiên cứu cắt ngang trên 104 bệnh nhân ung thư tại Khoa Ung Bướu, bệnh viện trường Đại học Y dược Huế. Sử dụng thang đo PSQI và PHQ-ADS để đánh giá chất lượng giấc ngủ, và tình trạng trầm cảm lo âu ở bệnh nhân ung thư. Phân tích hồi quy đa biến tuyến tính dùng để kiểm định mối tương quan giữa chất lượng giấc ngủ và các yếu tố liên quan. Kết quả: Đối tượng nghiên cứu có độ tuổi trung bình 59,6 ± 11,7. Điểm PSQI trung bình chất lượng giấc ngủ là 10,6 ± 5,2. Phần lớn bệnh nhân có chất lượng giấc ngủ kém (79,8%); trong đó, 50% bệnh nhân gặp trở ngại lớn để đi vào giấc ngủ, có đến 46,2% chỉ ngủ được 5 giờ trong một đêm. Có mối liên quan có ý nghĩa thống kê giữa chất lượng giấc ngủ với giới tính và tình trạng trầm cảm, lo âu (p < 0,05). Kết luận: Bệnh nhân ung thư thường có chất lượng giấc ngủ kém. Điều này cho thấy giấc ngủ của bệnh nhân cần được quan tâm đúng mức và không nên bỏ sót trong quá trình chẩn đoán và điều trị. Từ khóa: Chất lượng giấc ngủ, bệnh nhân ung thư, trầm cảm lo âu. ABSTRACT QUALITY OF SLEEP AND RELATED FACTORS AMONG CANCER PATIENTS IN HUE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL Introduction: Sleep disorders such as difficulty in falling asleep, maintaining sleep, poor sleep efficiency, early awakening and excessive daytime sleepiness are among the adverse effects that are experienced frequently but they are widely underdiagnosed. Therefore, addressing problems related to sleep among cancer patients could carry out better implications to improve quality of sleep, enhancing treatment outcomes. Aim: To evaluate quality of sleep and to detect associated factors of sleep quality among cancer patients. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted among 104 cancer patients treated at the Oncology Department, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy hospital. Sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), severity of anxiety and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire - Anxiety and Depression Scale) were accessed in the present study. Linear regression analysis was used to investigate the association between sleep quality and its related factors. Results: The mean age of study population was 59.6 ± 11.7. The average PSQI score was 10.6 ± 5.2. 79.8% cancer patients had poor sleep quality (PSQI score > 5). 50% patients had difficulty falling asleep and 46.2% patients reported sleep of < 5 hours per day. There were statistically associations between quality of sleep and gender, depression/anxiety (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The majority of cancer patients had poor sleep quality. This study points out that sleep is of great importance among cancer patients, which should not be neglected during the diagnosis and treatment procedure. Keyword: Quality of sleep, cancer patient, depression, anxiety.

Chất lượng giấc ngủ và các yếu tố liên quan ở bệnh nhân ung thư tại Bệnh viện Trường Đại học Y Dược Huế

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mai Nguyen Phuong
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Quality Of Sleep ◽  
Poor Sleep Quality ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Falling Asleep

TÓM TẮT Giới thiệu: Các rối loạn về giấc ngủ: khó khăn khi đi vào giấc ngủ, duy trì giấc ngủ, chất lượng giấc ngủ kém, dậy sớm và ngủ ban ngày quá nhiều mà bệnh nhân ung thư phải trải qua thường xuyên nhưng thường hay bị bỏ sót và chưa được chú ý đến. Mục tiêu: Đánh giá chất lượng giấc ngủ và tìm hiểu các yếu tố liên quan đến chất lượng giấc ngủ ở bệnh nhân ung thư đang được điều trị tại bệnh viện trường đại học Y dược Huế. Phương pháp nghiên cứu: Phương pháp nghiên cứu cắt ngang trên 104 bệnh nhân ung thư tại Khoa Ung Bướu, bệnh viện trường Đại học Y dược Huế. Sử dụng thang đo PSQI và PHQ-ADS để đánh giá chất lượng giấc ngủ, và tình trạng trầm cảm lo âu ở bệnh nhân ung thư. Phân tích hồi quy đa biến tuyến tính dùng để kiểm định mối tương quan giữa chất lượng giấc ngủ và các yếu tố liên quan. Kết quả: Đối tượng nghiên cứu có độ tuổi trung bình 59,6 ± 11,7. Điểm PSQI trung bình chất lượng giấc ngủ là 10,6 ± 5,2. Phần lớn bệnh nhân có chất lượng giấc ngủ kém (79,8%); trong đó, 50% bệnh nhân gặp trở ngại lớn để đi vào giấc ngủ, có đến 46,2% chỉ ngủ được 5 giờ trong một đêm. Có mối liên quan có ý nghĩa thống kê giữa chất lượng giấc ngủ với giới tính và tình trạng trầm cảm, lo âu (p < 0,05). Kết luận: Bệnh nhân ung thư thường có chất lượng giấc ngủ kém. Điều này cho thấy giấc ngủ của bệnh nhân cần được quan tâm đúng mức và không nên bỏ sót trong quá trình chẩn đoán và điều trị. Từ khóa: Chất lượng giấc ngủ, bệnh nhân ung thư, trầm cảm lo âu. ABSTRACT QUALITY OF SLEEP AND RELATED FACTORS AMONG CANCER PATIENTS IN HUE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL Introduction: Sleep disorders such as difficulty in falling asleep, maintaining sleep, poor sleep efficiency, early awakening and excessive daytime sleepiness are among the adverse effects that are experienced frequently but they are widely underdiagnosed. Therefore, addressing problems related to sleep among cancer patients could carry out better implications to improve quality of sleep, enhancing treatment outcomes. Aim: To evaluate quality of sleep and to detect associated factors of sleep quality among cancer patients. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted among 104 cancer patients treated at the Oncology Department, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy hospital. Sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), severity of anxiety and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire - Anxiety and Depression Scale) were accessed in the present study. Linear regression analysis was used to investigate the association between sleep quality and its related factors. Results: The mean age of study population was 59.6 ± 11.7. The average PSQI score was 10.6 ± 5.2. 79.8% cancer patients had poor sleep quality (PSQI score > 5). 50% patients had difficulty falling asleep and 46.2% patients reported sleep of < 5 hours per day. There were statistically associations between quality of sleep and gender, depression/anxiety (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The majority of cancer patients had poor sleep quality. This study points out that sleep is of great importance among cancer patients, which should not be neglected during the diagnosis and treatment procedure. Keyword: Quality of sleep, cancer patient, depression, anxiety.

An assessment of mental health and its associated factors in Indian population during COVID-19 crisis: A cross sectional study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Laxmi Verma ◽  
Shailendra Chhonkar
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Poor Sleep Quality ◽  
High Anxiety ◽  
Cross Sectional

BACKGROUND India has seen a tremendous surge in COVID-19 cases since past few months. This unpredictable disease has threatened people’s mental health as much as their physical health. OBJECTIVE To assess the burden of mental health amid this pandemic, we conducted a cross-sectional study in Indian population. We also assessed the predictors of mental health burden. METHODS A cross-sectional, web based study was adopted using the snowball sampling method. Participants were invited to fill a validated questionnaire that assessed the demographic characteristics, Knowledge of Covid-19, quality of sleep (PSQI), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and depressive symptoms (CES-D). RESULTS Findings in our study revealed that participants were having high Anxiety (43.6%), depressive symptoms (43.8%) and poor sleep quality (56.2%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis suggested that people ≥35 years were prone to have GAD, depressive symptoms and poor sleep quality. Healthcare workers were at higher risk to develop anxiety, depressive symptoms and inferior quality of sleep (P<.000) compared to the other occupations. Females tend to have high anxiety and depression (P<.000). Additionally, People having poor understanding about Covid-19 had more sleep related problems. CONCLUSIONS The study findings indicated that the Indian population amid Covid-19 crisis reported to have high anxiety, depressive symptoms and poor sleep quality. Government needs to devise a comprehensive, effective and efficient action plan to address this probing issue.

Changes in the sleep-wake rhythm, sleep quality, mood, and quality of life of patients receiving treatment for lung cancer: A longitudinal study.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e21657-e21657
Author(s):  
Chia-Chin Lin ◽  
Wen-Pei Chang
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Treatment Type

e21657 Background: Studies on the diurnal sleep–wake rhythm of patients with lung cancer have mostly examined patients cross-sectionally, whereas the effects of lung cancer treatment over time have rarely been considered. Through long-term longitudinal tracking of patients with lung cancer, this study examined changes in their sleep–wake rhythm, sleep quality, anxiety, depressive symptoms, fatigue, and quality of life (QoL) at various treatment stages. In addition, factors affecting their QoL were explored. Methods: Hierarchical linear modelling was adopted to analyze a convenience sample of 82 patients with lung cancer. The changes in their sleep–wake rhythm, sleep, mood (anxiety, depressive symptoms, and fatigue), and QoL were observed at five time points: prior to treatment and at weeks 6, 12, 24, and 48 after the start of the treatment. The effects of sex, age, cancer stage, treatment type, comorbidities, and time were controlled to determine the predictors of patients’ QoL. Results: The results showed that patients’ sleep–wake rhythms were poor before treatments. Compared with baseline, the sleep–wake rhythms of the patients significantly improved at week 48, and anxiety significantly improved at weeks 6, 12, 24, and 48. By contrast, their fatigue became exacerbated at weeks 8 and 48. Moreover, QoL improved significantly from week 6 until the end of the treatment period. QoL was negatively affected by poor sleep quality ( β = −0.69, p = 0.00) and depressive symptoms ( β = −2.59, p < 0.001) and positively affected by regular sleep–wake rhythms ( β = 0.23, p = 0.001). Conclusions: Therefore, clinical healthcare professionals should focus more attention to the fatigue levels of patients with lung cancer before, during, and after treatment. Healthcare professionals may also need to provide such patients with health education regarding sleep hygiene and with emotional support to assist them in maintaining regular sleep–wake rhythms in order to improve their QoL.

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