scholarly journals Do polyembryonic seeds of Carapa surinamensis (Meliaceae) have advantages for seedling development?

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Débora Najara de SOUZA FERREIRA ◽  
José Luís Campana CAMARGO ◽  
Isolde Dorothea Kossmann FERRAZ
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Shoot Development ◽  
Seedling Development ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Single Seed ◽  
Seed Reserves

ABSTRACT Polyembryony is the differentiation and development of multiple embryos in a single seed. This characteristic can provide advantages, as more than one embryo is produced with the same amount of resources, and the probability of establishment of at least one seedling increases. However, sibling seedlings may also increase competition, affecting development and survival. In the present study, the possible advantages and disadvantages of polyembryony were analyzed in the initial establishment of seedlings of Carapa surinamensis (Meliaceae), a tree species that produces monoembryonic or polyembryonic seeds. In this regard, the development of single seedlings was compared with a pair of seedlings emerging from polyembryonic seeds. We compared the development of seedlings attached to or detached from each other and to the seed resources. We observed two levels of competition: (a) for the seed reserves during germination and initial development, as multiple embryos of C. surinamensis share the same reserves, and (b) for external factors, mostly space for root and shoot development, and also for light. Reducing the competition for external factors by separating the siblings was not enough to reduce the effects of competition for seed reserves in the first six months of development. Nevertheless, viable seedlings were produced in all treatments. Thus, depending on sprout management in the nursery, the number of seedlings per seed can be significantly increased by detaching the seedlings, or more vigorous seedlings can be obtained when only one seedling is maintained.

scholarly journals Seed germination and seedling development in response to submergence in tree species of the Central Amazonian floodplains

AoB Plants ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Risolandia Bezerra de Melo ◽  
Augusto César Franco ◽  
Clovis Oliveira Silva ◽  
Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade ◽  
Cristiane Silva Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Seedling Development

SWOT-ANALYSIS OF OUTSOURCING OF ACCOUNTING SERVICES

2021 ◽  
Vol 296 (4) ◽  
pp. 95-99
Author(s):  
ILONA ADASIUK ◽  
◽  
OKSANA MARTYNIUK ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Management ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
External Environment ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Business Goals ◽  
Potential Risks

The article based on SWOT-analysis of outsourcing of accounting services. Accounting services can be improved if you can work on your strengths, as well as correct the weaknesses of the company or area where you lose points. SWOT-analysis is considered as a tool of strategic management to determine the feasibility of using accounting outsourcing as a way to optimize the enterprise. SWOT consists mainly of two main parts: strengths and weaknesses, which will indicate the internal aspect, and threats and opportunities related to external factors for the company (but those that are present in the environment). In essence, we test the effectiveness of the accounting services provided by the contractors that your business provides against this background. With this analysis, the firm can understand the problems, ie where they lack work and why, because these are periods during the year when work becomes fragile. Why this happens is best analyzed because of it. A set of business goals are things that outsourcing companies need to invest because simple marketing is not enough. The analysis of advantages and disadvantages of accounting outsourcing is carried out and the necessity of SWOT-analysis of potential risks and advantages of using perspectives of accounting outsourcing is emphasized. The internal and external environment was analyzed using an extended SWOT analysis model from the standpoint of strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and expected threats. Based on the results of the SWOT-analysis, a matrix has been formed that will allow predicting threats and potential opportunities at the stage of planning the use or refusal to use accounting outsourcing services.

scholarly journals Sweet pepper seed responses to inoculation with microorganisms and coating with micronutrients, aminoacids and plant growth regulators

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kênia Almeida Diniz ◽  
Paulo de Albuquerque Silva ◽  
João Almir Oliveira ◽  
José Renato Emiliorelli Evangelista
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Seedling Development ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Antagonistic Microorganisms

Small sized seeds, such as the horticultural species, have limited quantities of reserves that can be balanced by coating then with essential nutrients for their initial development. In addition, inoculation of the seeds with microorganisms may protect the plants against phytopathogens, thus enhancing their growth. The present work had the objective of evaluate the physiological quality and seedling development of sweet pepper seeds and seedlings coated with several kind of films. Seeds were first coated with polymers and then with antagonistic microorganisms (Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma polysporhum, Trichoderma stromaticum, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae), mycorrhizas, aminoacids, micronutrients and plant growth regulators. Evaluation was performed for percentage of germination and for seedling emergence, speed of emergence index, number of plants, dry mass of the aerial and root parts and height of the seedlings. Inoculation with Trichoderma viride increased the percentage and rate of the seedlings emergence Inoculation with Trichoderma viride, Metarhizium anisopliae and mycorrhizas promote better seedling development; seed microbiolization with microorganisms Trichoderma viride, T. polysporhum, T. stromaticum, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae. Mycorrhizas mixture negatively affected seeds and seedling quality. Seed covering with plant growht regulator, at a 5 mL kg-1 dose increased the roots dry matter.

scholarly journals Exchange rate regime choice

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilija Beker
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Exchange Rate Regime ◽  
Flexible Exchange Rate ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Highly Sensitive

The choice of an adequate exchange rate regime proves to be a highly sensitive field within which the economic authorities present and confirm themselves. The advantages and disadvantages of fixed and flexible exchange rate regimes, which have been quite relativized from the conventional point of view, together with simultaneous, but not synchronized effects of structural and external factors, remain permanently questioned throughout a complex process of exchange rate regime decision making. The paper reflects the attempt of critical identification of the key exchange rate performances with emphasis on continuous non-uniformity and (un)certainty of shelf life of a relevant choice.

Simultaneous effects of reintroduction strategy and seed size on the initial development of two tropical tree species in an abandoned eucalyptus plantation

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 439
Author(s):  
Julie Christine Scaloppi ◽  
Andréa Lúcia Teixeira de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Eucalyptus Plantation ◽  
Hymenaea Courbaril ◽  
Stem Size ◽  
Direct Sowing

Seedling planting is the most common strategy used to reintroduce tropical native tree species; however, direct sowing has simplicity and operational ease advantages. Functional traits such as seed size and growth rates have been shown to be relevant for better plant performance. We evaluated the effects of intraspecific variation in seed size and the reintroduction strategy simultaneously on the development of Hymenaea courbaril (L.) and Enterolobium timbouva (Mart.) introduced in an abandoned eucalyptus plantation over 462 days. Plants from small, medium and large seeds were reintroduced by planting seedlings and direct seeding. Both species achieved high rates of emergence and survival was high in the two reintroduction strategies. Seed size was not related to emergence and mean time to emergence for either species. The survival of both species was higher than 74% in the field, and seed size had little effect on survival rates. In general, H. courbaril plants introduced by direct sowing had higher growth, and seed size correlated positively with stem size. In contrast, the growth of E. timbouva plants introduced by seedling planting was higher than in plants introduced by direct sowing regardless of seed size. The light requirements of this species seem higher than for H. courbaril. Our results suggest the feasibility of reintroducing species by direct sowing in eucalyptus understory, but since plant growth varies between species, there may be a balance between the advantage of the initial plant size provided by planting seedlings and the advantage of a better root development provided by direct sowing.

scholarly journals Functional morphology of subtropical tree seedlings in southern Brazil

Rodriguésia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Mara Gogosz ◽  
Maria Regina Torres Boeger
Keyword(s):  
Seed Mass ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Secondary Species ◽  
Seedling Length ◽  
Forest Remnants ◽  
Seed Reserves ◽  
Successional Process ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Faster Development

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the morphofunctional attributes of Mixed Ombrophyllous Forest species of different successional categories. Fruits were collected from forest remnants in Curitiba, Paraná. It was analyzed the biometrics of seeds and seedlings of all species and the following ratios were estimated: shoot/seedling length, shoot/seedling mass, cotyledons/seedling mass, eophyll/seedling mass and seedling/ seed mass. Statistical differences among sucessional groups were observed in many of the evaluated traits. The variability among species is mainly explained by seedling size, tissue investment for light interception and shoot resource allocation. Late secondary species have larger seedlings with characteristics that indicate slower initial development, dependent on seed reserves. The pioneers species have smaller seedlings but faster development and earlier dependence on photosynthesis. These morphological and functional differences can result in different strategies for the establishment of seedlings in the successional process. The cluster analysis results on formation of two major groups. The first group is comprised of the late secondary species. The second group includes two distinct subgroups that separate the pioneers, and most of the early secondary species. These results indicate that the number and quality of available data should be considered in the definition of successional categories adopted in ecological studies.

Nature and utilization of seed reserves during germination and heterotrophic growth of young sugar beet seedlings

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Elamrani ◽  
P. Raymond ◽  
P. Saglio
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Seedling Development ◽  
Heterotrophic Growth ◽  
Hypocotyl Growth ◽  
Seed Reserves

AbstractThe seed reserves of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) are starch, located exclusively in the perisperm, and lipids, proteins and a small quantity of soluble sugars, located mainly in the cotyledons. It is shown that lipids are the main respiratory substrate used during germination whereas starch and remaining lipids are only hydrolysed after root extrusion, to sustain root and hypocotyl growth. By removing the perisperm during imbibition, it was demonstrated that lipids and proteins alone are sufficient for viable seedling development, though such seedlings grew less than those developing in the presence of perisperm. The utilization of seed reserves was followed during seedling development in the dark in various organs. At 20°C, the reserves were sufficient for 8 d of growth in the dark, the hypocotyl attaining a length of 5 cm. Specific problems relating to field establishment of sugar beet are discussed in relation to these results.

scholarly journals INITIAL DEVELOPMENT OF FIVE TREE SPECIES NATIVE TO THE ATLANTIC FOREST IN RECOMPOSITION PLANTATIONS IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL

FLORESTA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 070
Author(s):  
Charles Rodrigo Belmonte Maffra ◽  
Felipe Turchetto ◽  
Edison Bisognin Cantarelli
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Forest Restoration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Araucaria Angustifolia ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Schizolobium Parahyba

The regularization of rural properties in the molds of the New Forest Code depends on the silvicultural study of the native species of the Brazilian biomes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the initial growth of five native tree species of the Atlantic Forest, with a view to their use in forest restoration projects. The following species were produced in the nursery, planted in the field, and evaluated for performance: Araucaria angustifolia, Mimosa scabrella, Trichilia claussenii, Schizolobium parahyba, and Cordia trichotoma. These species were distributed in two different areas, based on the randomized block experimental design. In experiment 1, the species A. angustifolia, M. scabrella, and C. trichotoma were distributed in three randomized blocks, each composed of 11 plants of each species. In experiment 2, the species A. angustifolia, M. scabrella, T. claussenii, and S. parahyba were distributed in three randomized blocks, each one composed of five plants of each species. In general, S. parahyba and M. scabrella showed faster development than the other species and, in this regard, are promising candidates for forest areas constitution or reconstitution in which there is interest in obtaining economic returns in less time. Araucaria angustifolia and T. claussenii showed relatively low development, whereas C. trichotoma showed intermediate development in relation to the other species studied. Despite their differences in performance, all species proved to be suitable for use in reforestation, mainly in the region where the study was developed.

Occurrence of Polyembryony in Juniperus Polycarpos C. Koch.

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-164
Author(s):  
Pitambar Negi
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Dormancy ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Rare Occurrence ◽  
Forest Tree Species ◽  
Single Seed ◽  
Germination Behaviour ◽  
Juniperus Polycarpos

The natural regeneration in Juniperus polycarpos is quite low due to seed dormancy. While studying the seed germination behaviour of Juniperus polycarpos, a twin seedling was found germinated from a single seed which has been reported. This is the first instance of occurrence of polyembryonic seedlings in Juniperus polycarpos which have been reported in this paper. The twin seedlings have been resulted due to the phenomenon of polyembryony which is of rare occurrence in this species, however, the production of twin seedlings has been reported earlier also in other forest tree species. The twin seedlings were found to be independent having separate taproots and cotyledons. The seedlings were later transplanted in a polybags filled with Soil: Sand: FYM (2:1:1 :) to observe the further growth of twin seedlings. After three months, it was noticed that both the twin seedlings shriveled and died where as normal seedlings continued to grow normally and produced all the essential features of a plant.

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