scholarly journals Ecophysiological response of Astronium fraxinifolium (Anacardiaceae) in degraded and non-degraded brazilian Cerrado

Rodriguésia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilaine Cristina Marques Leite ◽  
Maycon Anderson Araujo ◽  
Lucas Anjos Souza ◽  
Aline Redondo Martins ◽  
Liliane Santos Camargos
Keyword(s):  
Boron Content ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Degraded Soil ◽  
Gas Exchanges ◽  
Ecophysiological Response ◽  
Total Carbohydrates ◽  
Chlorophyll Production ◽  
Two Populations

Abstract Plants native from Cerrado generally have peculiar characteristics that allow tolerating water and nutritional stress. Astronium fraxinifolium is a Anacardiaceae tree of from Brazilian Cerrado. The aim of this research was to characterize A. fraxinifolium leaves morphophysiologically, in order to recognize characteristics related to acclimatization of the species in different soil conditions. Two populations of A. fraxinifolium were sampled in different study areas, A1 (Degraded Soil) and A2 (“Undegraded Soil”). Nitrogen compounds, total carbohydrates, chlorophyll, nutritional content, stomatal density and gas exchanges were quantified, comparing the areas. A high number of stomata was observed on the abaxial surface of A. fraxinifolium leaves, with a higher density occurring in A1 individuals. The values of chlorophyll and boron content were significantly higher in A2 plants. It’s possible that the lowest concentration of boron in A1 plants is related to chlorophyll production. Regardinf the other analysis, there weren’t significant differences between the areas. The results show that this species undergoes changes in production of chlorophyll, but liquid photosynthesis isn’t impaired, considering the low chlorophyll content in A1 being compensated by the higher stomatal density. Thus, these changes may be the result of acclimating this species to different environmental conditions to which it’s exposed.

Particulate organic matter in soil under different management systems in the Brazilian Cerrado

Soil Research ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arcângelo Loss ◽  
Marcos Gervasio Pereira ◽  
Adriano Perin ◽  
Fernando Silva Coutinho ◽  
Lúcia Helena Cunha dos Anjos
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
The Other ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Cerrado Vegetation ◽  
No Till ◽  
Planting System

The combination of the no-till planting system (NTS) and pasture (e.g. brachiaria grass, Urochloa sp.) for livestock production constitutes a crop–livestock integration (CLI) system. CLI systems significantly increase the total organic carbon (TOC) content of soil and the particulate organic carbon (POC) of soil organic matter (SOM). The present study evaluated TOC and the granulometric fractions of SOM under different management systems in a Cerrado area in the state of Goiás. Two areas applying crop rotation were evaluated, one using CLI (corn/brachiaria grass/bean/cotton/soybean planted sequentially) and the other NTS (sunflower/pearl millet/soybean/corn planted sequentially). A third area covered with natural Cerrado vegetation (Cerradão) served as a reference to determine original soil conditions. Soil was randomly sampled at 0–5, 5–10, 10–20, and 20–40 cm. The TOC, POC, and mineral-associated organic carbon (MOC) were assessed, and POC and MOC stocks calculated. The CLI system resulted in greater TOC levels than NTS (0–5, 5–10, and 10–20 cm). Compared with the Cerradão, CLI areas exhibited higher stocks of TOC (at 5–10 and 10–20 cm) and POC (at 0–40 cm). Results obtained for TOC and POC fractions show that land management with CLI was more efficient in increasing SOM than NTS. Moreover, when compared with NTS, the CLI system provided better POC stratification.

Germination ecology of dwarf amaranth (Amaranthus macrocarpus): an emerging weed in Australian cotton cropping systems

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 612-618
Author(s):  
Md Asaduzzaman ◽  
Eric Koetz ◽  
Hanwen Wu
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Germination Ecology ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Soil Inversion

AbstractDwarf amaranth (Amaranthus macrocarpus Benth.) is a problematic broadleaf weed in many crops in Australia; however, no information is available on the germination ecology of this species. Seeds from two populations of this species were collected from Hillston, NSW, Australia (D-P-01), and Yandilla, QLD, Australia (D-P-02). Seeds were germinated at a range of constant (20 to 45 C) and alternating temperatures (30/20, 35/25, 40/30, and 45/35 C day/night). For the constant temperature treatments, the highest germination occurred at 35 C for D-P-01 (89%) and D-P-02 (82%). Germination was higher at the alternating day/night temperature of 40/30 C for both populations D-P-01 (91%) and D-P-02 (85%). Seed germination of both populations was stimulated by light, which indicates a great amount of emergence of A. macrocarpus can occur on bare ground such as crop seed beds. Results also revealed that this species tolerates a moderate level of salinity and can germinate in slightly alkaline soil conditions. The emergence of this species was highest (47%) for the seed buried at 0.5-cm depth in grey cracking alkaline soil compared with seed buried at the same depth in acidic red soils. These results suggest that soil inversion by tillage to bury weed seeds below their maximum emergence depth could serve as an important tool for managing A. macrocarpus. The results from this study will help in developing more sustainable and effective integrated weed management tactics for the control of this weed and weeds with similar responses in summer cropping systems.

Restorative crops for the amelioration of degraded soil conditions in New Zealand

Soil Research ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Francis ◽  
F. J. Tabley ◽  
K. M. White
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Degraded Soil ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Arable Crops ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Earthworm Populations

The effects of restorative crops on the amelioration of a degraded soil were investigated in a 6-year field experiment. Treatments included perennial pastures, annual pastures, and arable crops. Improvements in some aspects of chemical, biological, and physical fertility were related to the amount of herbage dry matter returned to the soil and root production. Beneficial effects associated with returned organic matter were partly negated by the degradative effect of tillage. Treatments that returned most organic material to the soil showed the greatest increase in aggregate stability and supported the largest earthworm populations, especially without annual tillage. Differences between treatments in soil organic C content were not generally significant until the sixth year. In contrast, differences between treatments in microbial biomass C were apparent by the third year. Compaction by sheep during grazing appeared to result in a loss of soil macroporosity. In the sixth year, soil macroporosity was greatest in the annually cultivated, ungrazed treatments. The grazed perennial ryegrass and ryegrass/white clover treatments were the most effective in ameliorating degraded soil conditions. The rate of soil amelioration declined with depth, and was mainly confined to the top 10 cm of soil. The rate of amelioration was relatively slow, with, for example, 3 years needed for most of the increase in aggregate stability at 0–5 cm depth.

scholarly journals Relationship of gas exchanges in different phenological phases with coffee productivity in the Cerrado

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e293974123
Author(s):  
Eloisa Aparecida da Sivla Ávila ◽  
Cleiton Mateus Sousa ◽  
Welington Pereira ◽  
Hyrandir Cabral de Melo ◽  
Vinícius Gonçalves Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Coffea Arabica ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Gas Exchanges ◽  
Vegetative Phase ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Productive Potential ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Fruit Formation ◽  
Phenological Phases

Coffee growing has been expanding in the Brazilian Cerrado. To identify genotypes adapted to the conditions, in 2015, an experiment was implanted with 35 genotypes of Coffea arabica, irrigated, in Ceres, Goias, Brazil, latitude 15°21′00.67′′, longitude: 49°35′56.98′′, Altitude approximately 570 m. The coffee trees showed differences in growth and, in the first harvest, were grouped into low, medium and high productivity. Seeking to understand the divergences in growth and productivity between coffee trees, gas exchange between 9:00 - 10:00 h was evaluated; 12:00 - 13:00 h and 15:00 - 16:00 h, in five phenological phases of the second harvest (fruit formation, fruit filling, maturation, after harvest and vegetative phase), of three coffee trees (Sarchimor MG 8840, Catucaí Amarelo 2SL and IBC - Palma 2) with high, medium and low productivity, respectively, in the first harvest. The genotypes showed the same pattern of productivity in the first and second crop. Gas exchange in coffee trees, with different productive potential, grown in the Cerrado, under irrigation, varied between genotypes and phenological phases. The best results prevailed in the formation and filling phases of the fruits. Variation of the genotypes was observed between the phenological phases. Despite the differences found, gas exchange does not explain the divergences in the growth and production responses of the studied genotypes, indicating the involvement of other factors in the growth and productivity of coffee trees cultivateds in the Cerrado.

scholarly journals Ecophysiological traits of a clonal grass in its climate change response

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika Kosová ◽  
Tomáš Hájek ◽  
Věroslava Hadincová ◽  
Zuzana Munzbergova
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Plant Fitness ◽  
Ecophysiological Traits ◽  
Ecophysiological Response

AbstractBackgroundUnderstanding the ability of species to respond to climate change is essential for prediction of their future distribution. When migration is not adequate, reaction via phenotypic plasticity or genetic adaptation is necessary. While many studies investigated the importance of plasticity and genetic differentiation (plant origin) in growth related traits, we know less about differentiation in ecophysiological traits. In addition, the existing studies looking at plant physiology usually do not estimate the consequences of these physiological changes for species performance.MethodsWe used a clonal grass Festuca rubra originating from localities representing factorially crossed gradients of temperatures and precipitations. We cultivated the plants in growth chambers set to simulate temperature and moisture regime in the four most extreme localities. We measured net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll fluorescence, SLA, osmotic potential, stomatal density and stomatal length as range of ecophysiological traits and tested their relationship to plant fitness measured as ramet number and biomass.Key resultsWe found strong phenotypic plasticity in photosynthetic traits and genetic differentiation in stomatal traits. In most traits, the effects of temperature interacted with the effects of moisture. The relationship between the ecophysiological and fitness-related traits was significant but weak.ConclusionsEcophysiological response of Festuca rubra to climate change is driven by phenotypic plasticity as well as by genetic differentiation indicating potential ability of the populations to adapt to new climatic conditions. The changes in ecophysiological traits translate into plant fitness even though other unmeasured factors also play an important role in fitness determination. Inclusion of species ecophysiology into studies of species adaptation to climate can still increase our ability to understand how species may respond to novel conditions.

Litter decomposition in wet and dry ecosystems of the Brazilian Cerrado

Soil Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 371
Author(s):  
Betânia Guedes Souza e Brito ◽  
Maria das Dores Magalhães Veloso ◽  
Judith M. Sarneel ◽  
Luiz Alberto Dolabela Falcão ◽  
Juliana Martins Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Plant Litter ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Decomposition Rates ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Eastern Brazil ◽  
Tea Bag Index ◽  
Cerrado Savanna

Decomposition of plant litter is a crucial process in carbon and nutrient cycling in all ecosystems, but our understanding of drivers of this process in Brazilian Cerrado (savanna) ecosystems is limited. We determined the decomposition rate and the stabilisation factor in areas of cerrado sensu stricto and palm swamp (vereda) in Bonito de Minas, Minas Gerais, south-eastern Brazil. These two major Cerrado ecosystems differ markedly in environmental conditions, but primarily in water and soil conditions. We used the standardised Tea Bag Index method, characterised soil parameters, and microbial activity to evaluate the decomposition process between these ecosystems. We found higher decomposition rates in the palm swamp compared to cerrado sensu stricto, possibly due to higher soil temperature and humidity conditions and higher microbial biomass.

Sulfur Cinquefoil (Potentilla recta) Seed Ecology: Seed Bank Survival and Water and Salt Stresses on Germination

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary L. Kiemnec ◽  
Michael L. McInnis
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
The United States ◽  
Seed Rain ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Seed Ecology ◽  
Site Characteristics ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies ◽  
Two Populations

AbstractSulfur cinquefoil, a perennial invasive weed of many different habitats in the United States, reproduces and spreads predominately through seed production, making seed bank survival and successful germination essential steps in the invasive process. To evaluate its potential to invade water-stressed environments, field and growth chamber studies were conducted in two areas of sulfur cinquefoil seed ecology: (1) monitoring the seed bank population and (2) determining the effect of salt and water stresses on germination of two sulfur cinquefoil seed populations differing in site characteristics of precipitation, temperature, and soil conditions. Field sampling demonstrated that a 2-yr average seed rain of 73,700 seeds m−2 resulted in an average 26,600 seeds m−2 annual increase in the seed bank. Regression analysis showed seed rain accounted for only 7 and < 1% of the variation in seedling density in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Seeds from the two populations showed a difference in the level of decrease in germination in response to increasing water and salt stresses. Managers should be aware that some populations of sulfur cinquefoil may be able to survive under drier or saltier conditions than previously thought. It appears that several years of control of mature sulfur cinquefoil would dramatically reduce the sulfur cinquefoil seed bank.

Four distinct leaf types in the Brazilian Cerrado, based on bundle sheath extension morphology

Botany ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (12) ◽  
pp. 1171-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiane Maria Rodrigues ◽  
Amanda Cristina Esteves Amaro ◽  
Carmen Silvia Fernandes Boaro ◽  
Katiane Reis Mendes ◽  
Stefany Cristina de Melo Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Structural Variation ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Plant Adaptations ◽  
Structural Peculiarities

Plant species have been classified as being either heterobaric or homobaric based on the presence or absence (respectively) of bundle sheath extensions (BSE) in leaf veins. These leaf types differ in their physiological performance, and their occurrences tend to be associated with environment. This study investigated the presence/absence of BSE and their structural peculiarities in 49 woody species (28 angiosperm families) in the Brazilian Cerrado using anatomical methods. We measured the gas exchange indices and stomatal density. In addition to typical homobaric (61.2%) and heterobaric (22.4%) species, we also found species with intermediate BSE features. These we call “larger heterobaric” (12.2%) and “semi-heterobaric” (4.1%) species. In the former, BSE occurs around only the secondary veins, whereas in the latter the BSE projects only towards the adaxial leaf surface. The net CO2 assimilation rates, the stomatal conductance, the transpiration rates, and the carboxylation efficiencies were statistically higher in heterobaric than in homobaric species. In the larger heterobaric species, the photosynthetic indices were similar to those in the heterobaric species. Meanwhile, semi-heterobaric species showed photosynthetic indices similar to the homobaric species. We demonstrated that structural variation in the BSE is linked to physiological leaf performance, suggesting some correlation between leaf morphology and plant adaptations.

scholarly journals Comparative wood anatomy of Ficus cestrifolia (Moraceae) in two distinct soil conditions

Rodriguésia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 2109-2118 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Carlos Ferreira de Melo Júnior ◽  
Maick Willian Amorim ◽  
Patrícia Soffiatti
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Nutrient Analysis ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Xylem Structure ◽  
Water Conduction ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Comparative Wood Anatomy

Abstract Wood anatomical traits respond to environmental variables and among them, soil has a direct impact on secondary xylem. This study compares the wood anatomy of two populations of Ficus cestrifolia occurring in two lowland formations of Southern Brazil (MAQ and SJS) with similar climate but different soil conditions. Wood samples were collected at breast height and prepared according to standard wood anatomy techniques. Soil samples were collected and subjected to a nutrient analysis. Wood was described quali and quantitatively. The qualitative wood anatomical features of both populations were similar. Some quantitative differences were observed. In MAQ area, the levels of macro- and micronutrients were higher than in SJS. Its population presented higher vessel frequency, thicker-walled fibers, and lower vulnerability index. SJS's population had longer fibers, wider rays and a higher ray frequency, and higher vulnerability index. This suite of characters indicates that the MAQ population has a safer and more efficient xylem structure for water conduction. Under the influence of similar climate and soil type, differences regarding wood anatomical traits found between the two populations of Ficus cestrifolia can thus be regarded as an ecological response to the micro-environmental soils nutrients composition.

scholarly journals Plant arrangement in soybean crops with indeterminate growth in brazilian Cerrado

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. e1789119639
Author(s):  
Alessandro Guerra da Silva ◽  
Paula Daiane de Sena Martins ◽  
Eduardo Lima do Carmo ◽  
Sérgio Oliveira Procópio ◽  
Luis Carlos Barcellos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Promising Technique ◽  
Indeterminate Growth ◽  
Indeterminate Growth Habit ◽  
Two Populations

The suitability of the spatial arrangement of soybean is a tool capable of promoting better use of the agricultural environment, allowing the crop to express its yield potential. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate different implementation systems with and without an increase in the plant population of soybean with indeterminate growth habit variety cultivated in the Brazilian Cerrado. The experiments were performed in the 2013/14 and 2014/15 seasons in Rio Verde, Goias state. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replication in a 4x2 factorial scheme. The treatments presents four implementation systems (traditional, reduced, double rows and crossed) associated with two populations of BMX Potência RR® (recommended and increased by 33%) with presented indeterminate growth habit. The results indicate that the reduced system has an adoption potential for soybean with indeterminate growth habit. The increase in the plant population in the 2013/2014 season, increased 20% of soybean yield in relation to the recommended population, proving to be a promising technique since it considerate the costs involved.

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