THE CONCEPT OF FAKE NEWS AND AND ITS DETECTION BY MEANS OF COMMUNICATIVE THEORY

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-39
Author(s):  
M. І. Hordiichuk
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Word Combination ◽  
Argumentative Strategy ◽  
The Media ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
Communicative Theory ◽  
False News ◽  
Perlocutionary Effect ◽  
Modern Era

The article studies the concept of “fake news,” focusing on researching its etymology and the scope of its meaning. The meaning of the concept of “fake news” is studied based on the contrast with the word combination“false news”. The coinages “post-truth” and “fake news” have been recognized as the words of the year by different dictionaries in the recent years, which contributes to the image of the present-day media. Various definitions of fake news of different scholars were analyzed. It was found that fake news are relatively easy in making and spreading due to the advancement of modern technologies. However, they disrupt the faith of readers in media, which stands for the need for the detection of fake news in mass media. Consequently, the detection of fake news has been acknowledged as a crucial skill in the modern era. The paper analyzes the ways communicative theory can be used in the detection of fake news in the media. Four main strategies were identified, namely argumentative, appellative, evaluative, and the strategy of optimizing of perlocutionary effect. Each of the strategies is applied in various ways in fake news making with the use of appropriate tactics within their scope. The argumentative strategy operates with the tactics of manipulation and detalization. Tactics of ideologization, appeal to addressees’ needs and retrospection are used within the appellative strategy. Evaluative strategy includes the tactics of positioning, discrediting the opponent and distancing. And within the strategy of optimizing of perlocutionary effect the tactics of emotion evocation, mnemonization and visualization are identified. The paper provides a theoretical background to all of these strategies. Also, their practical application in the media was analyzed based on the examples taken from the independent fact-checking organization “StopFake”. It was found that all of them are frequently used in the hybrid war against Ukraine to disrupt its official government, treaties with European partners, and provoke chaos within the state.

New Evidence of the Effect of Literacies in Reducing Disinformation and Fake News

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 300-333
Author(s):  
José Ricardo Ledur ◽  
Renato P. dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Information Age ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Fake News ◽  
9Th Grade ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis ◽  
Information Literacy Skills ◽  
The Media ◽  
False News ◽  
New Evidence

Context: The production of scientific knowledge is not clearly understood by most individuals. In the information age, society faces challenges generated by discrediting institutions, including science, the proliferation of false news, disinformation and the relativisation of truth. These are significant issues that the school cannot refrain from discussing if it wants to educate for citizenship. Objectives: To investigate how conceptions about science influence and are influenced by fake news conveyed by the media and the contribution of literacy to minimise the effects of misinformation. Design: The methodology used in this research used a mixed-methods approach through content analysis of students’ responses combined with descriptive statistical techniques. Environment and participants: The research was carried out with 32 students, divided into two groups, attending the 9th grade of an elementary public school in Bom Princípio/RS. Data collection and analysis: Two questionnaires were applied: one for the conceptions about science and another to identify fake news. Results: Most students have a limited view of science and find it difficult to identify fake news through verification criteria. A correlation between student perceptions and the identification of false news was observed. Conclusions: Knowledge about science possibly enhances students’ perception of doubtful information. It is crucial to develop mediatic and information literacy skills as they can positively impact the identification of fake news and reduce its shares.

Employing artificial intelligence techniques as a mechanism for investigation, scrutiny, and detection of fake news and rumors

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-117
Author(s):  
Yosra Sobeih ◽  
El Taieb EL Sadek
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Machine Intelligence ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Human Intelligence ◽  
Fake News ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media Work ◽  
False News ◽  
Editorial Processing

Modern communication means have imposed many changes on the media work in the different stages of content production, starting from gathering news, visual and editorial processing, verification and verification of the truthfulness of what was stated in it until its publication, so the changes that were stimulated by modern means and technologies and artificial intelligence tools have affected all stages of news and media production, since the beginning of the emergence of rooms. Smart news that depends on human intelligence and then machine intelligence, which has become forced to keep pace with the development in communication means, which has withdrawn in the various stages of production, and perhaps the most important of which is the process of investigation and scrutiny and the detection of false news and rumors in our current era, which has become the spread of information very quickly through the Internet and websites Social media and various media platforms

scholarly journals Fake News in Modern Media Space

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 774-786
Author(s):  
Victoria Dorofeeva
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
Modern Media ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
Media Space ◽  
The Media ◽  
False News

The author attempts to provide theoretical understanding of the essence and content of the media space. It was determined that the primary task of the media space is to understand our reality, to implement effective communication and to form public opinion. The author mentions that the modern media space functions in the conditions of increasing speed of communication processes which generate “waves” of information noise. Thus, fake news appears in the media field increasingly frequently. The author found out that the content of the «fake news» concept has not been clearly defined yet and comprehensive studies of this relatively new phenomenon are not available either. There are no definite criteria for classifying news as fake. According to the author, fake news is completely or partially fictional information about certain individuals, public events and events in general, which is presented in the media as real authoritative journalistic materials. The article describes the mechanism of the origin of fake news and its distribution in the media space. The main reasons for faking include the high rate of content delivery, the “infotainment” and the relaying nature of journalism. The results of the study allow the author to define fake news as discretely existing types of news. The author also considers national cultural features and the mechanism of distribution of false news in Internet networks. Specific Russian- and English-language sites hosting fake news are analyzed, their impact on society is studied. The author concludes that systematic misinformation of the audience leads to de-professionalization, discrediting of media workers and de-institutionalization of journalism. The article presents data indicating the concern of the world community about the distribution of fake Internet content. There are examples of the creation of special government organizations and the development of legislative initiatives to combat fakes. The author gives a number of recommendations to identify fake news in the wide media space.

scholarly journals The Online Media Landscape in the Focus of Disinformation Campaigns in the Western Balkans: Albania, Kosova, and North Macedonia

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
Edlira PALLOSHI DISHA ◽  
Demush BAJRAMI ◽  
Agron RUSTEMI
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Online Communication ◽  
Public Confidence ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
The Public ◽  
Professional Credibility ◽  
The Media ◽  
False News

In the conditions of a technological transformation of the media, professional credibility and reliability in information are fading due to the manipulative role that the media have taken. This paper, among other things, highlights exactly the editorial lines of the media, which do not build them on principles based on professional cause, but rather on the causes of political-media oligarchies. The fake news industry in the world is currently the most profitable product, and this is the most serious threat to democracies, which cannot be properly consolidated without a regulation in the dense "traffic" of online communication. In this industry Russia leads with its Sputnik, which has created a widespread establishment in the media space of Central and Eastern Europe. Preventing of this media "pandemic" is extremely complicated and costly, because this type of information is camouflaged in various forms and the public needs a proper media education to identify and differentiate fake news from true ones. Therefore, it is very necessary to create a national strategy of each state, to prevent the spread of this media "pandemic", while the most effective "virus" is the professionalization of the media and its detachment from the influence of political oligarchies. False news is creating its bedrock of influence and this is especially evident in the division of society as a result of political tensions and inter-ethnic discontent. Moreover, this paper shows that in such a divided society, the disinformation that circulates incessantly in the public space, sows fear. If a disinformation protection strategy were to be developed, then public confidence would not be in crisis, as it is currently in the Western Balkans, and the media would return to its primary role: independent and objective information.

scholarly journals ‘INFORMATION DISORDER’: SAMPLE OF SYRIANS IN TURKEY

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-122
Author(s):  
Apak Kerem ALTINTOP ◽  
Yasin ÖZBEY ◽  
Ece ÇİM
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Active Role ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Temporary Protection ◽  
The Media ◽  
Concept Of Information ◽  
False News

The aim of the study is to examine perceptions and knowledge towards Syrians in Turkey under temporary protection. This examination will be conducted in the light of the concept of information disorder that was conceptualized by Wardle in 2017. The concepts of "fake news", "false content", "disinformation" in the current literature assume that the information is wrong. Information disorder is based on two bases: i) whether the information is true or false, ii) what is the intention of producing, sharing, and disseminating information. In the research, the news about Syrians in the media and that set an example for information disorder was examined. Then, the knowledge and perception of the society was investigated through the relevant news. Qualitative method was preferred in the study. An online survey was conducted because of the COVID-19 outbreak. 360 people were reached. The survey consists of questions about false news about Syrians in the media, social media usage habits, sharing habits and demographic information. While 60.4% of the participants in the study are women, 38.5% are men. The age distribution is between the ages of 17-70. The average age is 35.55. Most of the participants are university graduates (57.1%). The rate of those who had family or personal immigration experience before is 44.9%. While 74.2% of the participants do not share the news about Syrians on social media, most of those who share are made on Twitter. As a result, social media plays an active role in the circulation of fake news, which occupies a certain place in the country, without confirmation and origin, and creates social reality. Although people think that they use it consciously, it is seen that they think differently when it comes to Syrian under temporary protection.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Quarantine: The Role and Impact of Media in Kosovo's Society

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 3001-3009
Author(s):  
Ferdi Kamberi ◽  
◽  
Besim Gollopeni ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Material Interests ◽  
Social Insecurity ◽  
The Media ◽  
False News

The outbreak of COVID-19 and the quarantine affected Kosovo society by highlighting the media's role and importance in informing and raising citizen's citizens in a pandemic situation. At a time like this, besides the information and citizen's awareness, this situation was accompanied by a lot of fake news, complicating the social and psychological problems of the audience/citizens, leading to fear, anxiety, and social insecurity. Many media were driven by the desire of material interests, especially the online portals, social networks, etc., offering fake or false news to the public for the sole purpose of their material gain. This study aims to research the Kosovar media's role and impact during the pandemic and quarantine time. For this research, we have used the online questionnaire (Google Form) during July and August 2020. The target group was the population over 15 (N=908) in Kosovo's entire territory. T-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and other methods were used to analyze the data. The study results show that 51% of Kosovar citizens informed about COVID-19 during the pandemic and quarantine had used social networks. More than 63.7% of citizens were heavily influenced and, on average, by fake news. Fake news and misinformation from the media in Kosovo society hurt specific society categories, especially those with lower levels of education and social and economic problems, causing fear, social anxiety, and social insecurity.

Identity concerns drive belief: The impact of partisan identity on the belief and dissemination of true and false news

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Pereira ◽  
Jay Joseph Van Bavel ◽  
Elizabeth Ann Harris
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Political System ◽  
Political Identity ◽  
Social Goals ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Political Beliefs ◽  
System P ◽  
False News ◽  
Democrats And Republicans ◽  
The Impact

Political misinformation, often called “fake news”, represents a threat to our democracies because it impedes citizens from being appropriately informed. Evidence suggests that fake news spreads more rapidly than real news—especially when it contains political content. The present article tests three competing theoretical accounts that have been proposed to explain the rise and spread of political (fake) news: (1) the ideology hypothesis— people prefer news that bolsters their values and worldviews; (2) the confirmation bias hypothesis—people prefer news that fits their pre-existing stereotypical knowledge; and (3) the political identity hypothesis—people prefer news that allows their political in-group to fulfill certain social goals. We conducted three experiments in which American participants read news that concerned behaviors perpetrated by their political in-group or out-group and measured the extent to which they believed the news (Exp. 1, Exp. 2, Exp. 3), and were willing to share the news on social media (Exp. 2 and 3). Results revealed that Democrats and Republicans were both more likely to believe news about the value-upholding behavior of their in-group or the value-undermining behavior of their out-group, supporting a political identity hypothesis. However, although belief was positively correlated with willingness to share on social media in all conditions, we also found that Republicans were more likely to believe and want to share apolitical fake new. We discuss the implications for theoretical explanations of political beliefs and application of these concepts in in polarized political system.

Fake It “Till You Make It”: Debunking Fake News in a Post-Truth America

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-133
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
First Amendment ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
American People ◽  
Fake News ◽  
News Sources ◽  
The Media ◽  
The U.S

Since the 2016 U.S. presidential election, attacks on the media have been relentless. “Fake news” has become a household term, and repeated attempts to break the trust between reporters and the American people have threatened the validity of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. In this article, the authors trace the development of fake news and its impact on contemporary political discourse. They also outline cutting-edge pedagogies designed to assist students in critically evaluating the veracity of various news sources and social media sites.

scholarly journals “The Looming, Crazy Stalker Coronavirus”: Fear Mongering, Fake News, and the Diffusion of Distrust

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 237802312110247
Author(s):  
Alexandrea J. Ravenelle ◽  
Abigail Newell ◽  
Ken Cai Kowalski
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Media Consumption ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Compensatory Control ◽  
The Media ◽  
Good For ◽  
Fear Mongering ◽  
One Year

The authors explore media distrust among a sample of precarious and gig workers interviewed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although these left-leaning respondents initially increased their media consumption at the outset of the pandemic, they soon complained of media sensationalism and repurposed a readily available cultural tool: claims of “fake news.” As a result, these unsettled times have resulted in a “diffusion of distrust,” in which an elite conservative discourse of skepticism toward the media has also become a popular form of compensatory control among self-identified liberals. Perceiving “fake news” and media sensationalism as “not good” for their mental health, respondents also reported experiencing media burnout and withdrawing from media consumption. As the pandemic passes its one-year anniversary, this research has implications for long-term media coverage on COVID-19 and ongoing media trust and consumption.

scholarly journals “Doping Shadow Still Hard to Escape“: Facing up to Reflections in German Print Media on Doping Scandal

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 01127
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Pastukhov
Keyword(s):  
Print Media ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Global Context ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media Performance ◽  
Media Event ◽  
Performance Strategies

The paper reflects important features and developments of doping affair with Russian sportsmen as a media scandal. This communicative event is introduced through the current examples taken from the German national and regional press. The mechanisms of the formation and topicalization of the event are revealed in the paper. The global context of the scandal is covered and exampled by co-referential areas “Sport” and “Olympics”. Their presentation and interpretation occur under conditions of so-called “fake news” and “media performance” strategies. The examples presented in chronological order reflect the communicative dynamics of the media event ‘doping scandal’. The remarkable features of the distinguishing journalistic style and informative media genres are covered in the paper.

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