scholarly journals Food Systems After Covid-19

IDS Bulletin ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayako Ebata ◽  
Nicholas Nisbett ◽  
Stuart Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Food Supply Chain ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Nutrition Security ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Local Innovation Systems

Measures to slow down the spread of Covid-19 have had profound effects on the food and nutrition security of poor and marginalised households and communities. This article provides an overview of the effects of Covid-19 on food systems across low- and middle-income countries using resilience and political economy lenses, before proposing approaches to build back resilient and equitable food systems. First, future interventions need to target structural issues that limit people’s agency in accessing nutritious and diverse food and production capital. Second, local innovation systems and institutions require investment to create a market environment that benefits domestic (small and medium) enterprises and agri‑food supply chain workers without jeopardising the environment. Third, interventions need to be informed by a diverse set of opinions that include the voices of the most marginalised.

Agricultural diversification and food security in low- and middle-income countries: Where is the evidence?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Waha ◽  
Francesco Accatino ◽  
Cecile Godde ◽  
Cyrille Rigolot ◽  
Jessica Bogard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Access ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Nutrition Security ◽  
Agricultural Diversification ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Food Utilisation ◽  
Farm Scale

<p>Diversity and diversification in agricultural systems are often presented in the literature as having multiple benefits such as enhancing resilience, increasing food production and decreasing risks in production systems and is often postulated to benefit food and nutrition security in low- and middle-income countries. Our study aims to provide an overview of the potential for agricultural diversification to improve food security status as reported in recently published research articles analysing the diversity-food security relationship. We consider results for different scales, from individual to global and for different food security dimensions: availability, access, stability and utilisation.</p><p>We carried out a literature review that includes exhaustive, comprehensive searching. We search for peer-reviewed publications in the Web of Science core collection (v.5.32) written in English, between 2010 and February 2020 on the association between diversity in agricultural systems and at least one dimension or measure of food security. From the original list of articles we exclude all publications that (1) focus on a study area outside a low- to middle income country; (2) do not include at least one metric of farm-, regional-, or global-level diversity as specified with the search terms; (3) do not explicitly measure at least one food security dimension, or (4) were exclusively focussed on describing drivers and trends in diversity or food security.</p><p>We find that a total number of 87 research articles assessed a total of 328 diversity-food security relationships using one or more statistical modelling approach. About half of them are positive (54%) and mostly refer to the diversity-food access relationship on the individual, household and farm scale as this was the food security dimension and spatial scale most analysed. Of all results for food access 60% were positive relationships and only 4% were negative relationships with the remainder having no or ambiguous relationships. Twenty-nine studies used household dietary diversity as a measure of food access and 10 studies used at least one food access indicator that is a validated proxy for nutrient adequacy. Positive relationships were more often reported for food availability (65%) than for food utilisation (33%) also because for food utilisation there are a lot of mixed findings for different measures of anthropometric and nutritional status. The most common spatial scale assessed was the household and farm scale (58%).</p><p>There is no food security dimension that primarily has a negative relationship with agricultural diversity but there is a considerable number of relationships that are found to be neutral or ambiguous. Diversity can be an important driver of food security, but the magnitude of the contribution depends on the  socio-economic and biophysical characteristics of the local farming system. We conclude that farmers mostly see diversification as a potential strategy to improve livelihoods, agricultural production and/or food and nutrition security where other strategies are more expensive but not as a desirable characteristic of the agricultural systems at all costs especially in the presence of other strategies that can achieve the same outcome.</p>

scholarly journals FINANCIAL LIBERALIZATION AND COLLATERAL REQUIREMENTS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES – EVIDENCE FROM SOUTHEAST ASIAN LOWER AND MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
NGUYEN NGOC THUY VY ◽  
NGUYEN THI PHUONG DUNG ◽  
NGUYEN KIM QUOC TRUNG
Keyword(s):  
Financial Liberalization ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Firm Characteristics ◽  
Tobit Regression ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
External Finance ◽  
Medium Enterprise ◽  
Enterprise Surveys ◽  
Medium Enterprises

Small and medium enterprise (SME) sector is the main motivation for economic growth in developing countries. However, SMEs encounter different challenges in their activities. One of the biggest obstacles facing SMEs is the constraint on their accessibility to external finance due to the lack of collateral. Financial liberalization, through their impact on credit market structure, may affect SMEs’ dependence on collateral in accessing external finance. The main purpose of this research is to examine the influence of financial liberalization on collateral requirements of SMEs in South-East Asian lower and middle income countries including Vietnam, Indonesia and Philippines. To be specific, the author uses Probit and Tobit regression with Enterprise Surveys Data of World Bank in 2009 and 2015 to evaluate the effect of financial liberalization on the incidence of collateral loans and the level of collateral requirements. In addition to financial liberalization - our main explanatory variable, we control other factors which may affect SMEs’ collateral requirements such as country and firm characteristics. The main result shows that financial liberalization increases the likelihood of collateral requirements.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Operating in Short Supply Chains Within Slovak School Programmes

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Norbert Floriš ◽  
Pavol Schwarcz
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Food Supply Chain ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
Medium Enterprises

Abstract Despite of reduction of its share on the gross domestic product, agriculture remains a branch generating job opportunities in rural areas. However, through more intensive farming procedures, it puts a pressure on environment and sustainability of agricultural production and prolongs the distance of distributed goods. Reduction of the mentioned impacts is possible through shortening the food supply chain subsequently resulting in increase of local sale, demand for local services and increase of labour market, putting an emphasis on support of small and medium – sized enterprises and their economic viability improvement. This paper evaluates the performance of small and medium enterprises and micro-enterprises which applied for the support and supplied and distributed fruits, vegetables, milk and milk products to kindergartens and primary schools within the School Fruits and Vegetables and the School Milk programme. We suppose that through supplying local schools they contributed to the food supply chain shortening.

scholarly journals Prospects of fish supply-demand and its implications for food and nutrition security in Egypt

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nhuong Tran ◽  
Long Chu ◽  
Chin Yee Chan ◽  
Jeffrey Peart ◽  
Ahmed M. Nasr-Allah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Nutrition Security ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
Input Use ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Intensive Aquaculture

Aquaculture plays an increasingly important role in meeting the rising global demand for fish fuelled by economic and demographic growth. However, in many middle income countries, the growth of aquaculture is constrained by rising labor costs, limited input supply, environmental concerns, and infectious diseases. In this paper, we developed a multi species, multi sector equilibrium model and applied it to the fishery sector of Egypt, a leading aquaculture producer in Africa, to examine these barriers. Projection results show that rising wage rates would slow down the growth of labour-intensive aquaculture compared to those that use relatively less labour. The demand for feed, seed inputs and water use for aquaculture would substantially increase. The results also show that disease outbreaks would possibly affect production sectors via output reduction and also consumers via increases in fish price. Our findings suggest that stabilising the prices of feed and seed, investments in disease control and input use efficiency improvement technologies, including water use, are important while the overall effectiveness of tax instruments is modest. Though calibrated to Egypt, our approach can be applied to other middle size national aquaculture industries.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document