scholarly journals Differences in Incidence and Risk Factors of Infertility Between Couples Who Desire a First and Second Child: A Prospective Cohort Study

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenfeng Zhu ◽  
Li Yan ◽  
Chuqing He ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Jiahao Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Risk Factor ◽  
Endometrial Polyps ◽  
Second Child ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Social Burden ◽  
First Child ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intention Group

Abstract Background: With the implementation of the two-child policy in China, more couples expressed their desire to have a child. We conducted this study to evaluate the incidence and risk factors of infertility in couples intending to have a first child and second child.Methods: Couples who presented to the pre-pregnancy clinical centers were enrolled from 2013 to 2017. Participants were categorized into “first child intention” and “second child intention” groups based on the number of children they already had. Couples were followed up every three months until pregnancy or 12 months. Data regarding the sociodemographic characteristics, history of reproduction and gynecology, history of male disease, and laboratory and imaging examination results were collected. Odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and adjusted for potential confounding factors.Results: The overall infertility incidence was 16.95% (369/2177). The infertility incidence of “first child intention” and “second child intention” was 19.30% (355/1839) and 4.14% (14/338). The study showed great differences in infertility risk factors between two groups. Risk factors for “first child intention” infertility included advanced age (>35 years), abnormal body mass index (BMI), longer menstrual durations, endometrial polyps, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), salpingostomy, and history of mycoplasma. However, in “second child intention” group, clinical risk factor was slightly different, such as leiomyoma, higher age (>40 years).Conclusion: The incidence and risk factors of infertility are significantly different between “first child intention” group and “second child intention” group. Early and targeted intervention for couples in different groups at high risk can help reduce infertility and social burden.

The Effect of the Second Child on the Anthropometric Outcomes and Nutrition Intake of the First Child: Evidence from the Relaxation of the One-Child Policy in Rural China

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Chen ◽  
Shin-Yi Chou ◽  
Cheng Wang ◽  
Wangyang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Rural China ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Second Child ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
One Child Policy ◽  
First Child ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Nutrition Intake ◽  
The One

Abstract This paper attempts to isolate the actual effect of the second child on the anthropometric outcomes and nutrition intake of the first child in rural China, using an exogenous increase in child quantity due to the relaxation of the One-Child Policy (OCP). We utilize both temporal and geographic variation in the OCP, as families are less likely to have the second child if the OCP in their community is strictly enforced after the birth of their first child. Based on a sample of children aged 6–17 from the 1991–2009 China Health and Nutrition Survey, we find that an increase in the number of children significantly decreases the weight and height of first-born girls, but not first-born boys. The worse anthropometric outcomes could be due to the change in the dietary pattern—compared with the only children, first-born girls in two-child families tend to intake less high-fat and high-protein food (e. g. meats, poultry, and milk).

Fertility intentions among the working population of Dalian City born between 1980 and 1989

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Hongyan Qiu ◽  
Qun Zhang ◽  
Jin Zhang ◽  
Qingshan Wang ◽  
Lihong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Fertility Intentions ◽  
Second Child ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Future Fertility ◽  
The Future ◽  
Dalian City ◽  
Ideal Number

Abstract In October 2015, the Chinese Government announced that the one-child policy had finally been replaced by a universal two-child policy. China’s universal two-child policy is highly significant because, for the first time in 36 years, no one in an urban city is restricted to having just one child. This cross-sectional study was conducted to explore future fertility intentions and factors influencing individual reproductive behaviour (whether to have two children) in Dalian City. A total of 1370 respondents were interviewed. The respondents’ mean ideal number of children was only 1.73, and urban respondents’ sex preference was symmetrical. A total of 19.0% of the respondents were unmarried, 64.5% were married and had childbearing experience and only 6.3% of married respondents had two children. Among the 1370 participants, 30.4% stated that they would have a second child, while 69.6% refused to have a second child in the future. Binary logistic regression analysis (Model 1) showed that the following characteristics were associated with having only one child in the future: being female, being older, having a lower education level, being born in Dalian, having a lower family income and reporting one child as the ideal number of children. Model 2 (comprising only respondents with childbearing experience) showed that respondents who were female, had a lower family income and were unable to obtain additional financial support from parents were more likely to intend to stick at one child. In addition, respondents’ ideal number of children and childbearing experiences had a significant influence on future fertility intentions. These results suggest that fertility intentions and reproductive behaviours are still below those needed for replacement level fertility in Dalian City. China’s policymakers should pay more attention to these factors (socioeconomic characteristics, economic factors, desired number of children and childbearing experiences) and try to increase individual reproductive behaviour.

scholarly journals Fertility in Real Generations of Russian Women: Trends and Regional Differences

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-69
Author(s):  
V. N. Arkhangelskiy
Keyword(s):  
Regional Differences ◽  
Birth Rates ◽  
Second Child ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Fertility Trends ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
First Child ◽  
Generational Changes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Families With Children

The subject of the research is fertility trends in real generations of women in Russia. The relevance of the research stems from the fact that the majority of works devoted to the analysis of the fertility trends and the possible impact of demographic policies thereon in Russia are based on the use of calendar birth rates (total, special, age, total coefficient, etc.) subject to timing fluctuations, e.g. earlier childbirth due to favorable circumstances. The influence of this factor can be bypassed by using birth rates for real generations. The purpose of the paper was to analyze the dynamics of generational changes in birth rates and their regional differences. The results of the analysis showed that after a significant reduction in the average number of children born in the generations of women of the 1960s — early 1970s, the value slightly increased for women of the mid- and late 1970s. and would probably be somewhat higher for women born in the 1980s. The proportion of women who gave birth to at least one child is decreasing hampering the increase in the average number of children born in real generations. On the contrary, an increase in the proportion of women who gave birth to the second and third child contributes to this increase. While the share of those who gave birth to the second child among women who gave birth to the first child in the generations of the late 1970s, despite a significant increase, is lower than among women of the mid‑1950s, the proportion of those who gave birth to the third child among women who gave birth to the second child, is higher than in older generations. The increase in the proportion of women in the generations of the late 1970s who gave birth to the second and third children is to some extent due to more active measures for supporting families with children that are largely focused on supporting second and subsequent births of children. If the implementation of measures for supporting families with children in the 1980s helped to smooth out the difference in the average age of the mother who gave birth to the second and first child from 4.53 years in the generation of women born in 1950 up to 3.31 years in the generation of 1963, then in younger women the difference tended to increase and now it is the maximum for women of 1975. (5.91 years). It is concluded that the policy of encouraging child bearing needs to be continued.

scholarly journals Comparisons on perinatal depression between the first-child women and the second-child women in West China under the universal 2-child policy

Medicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (23) ◽  
pp. e20641
Author(s):  
Xiu-Jing Guo ◽  
Jing Chen ◽  
Jian-Hua Ren ◽  
Xue Deng ◽  
Liang-Zhi Xu
Keyword(s):  
Perinatal Depression ◽  
West China ◽  
Second Child ◽  
First Child ◽  
Child Policy

scholarly journals Prevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Pregnant Women in Hormozgan Province, South of Iran

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyedeh Zahra KHADEMI ◽  
Fatemeh GHAFFARIFAR ◽  
ABDOLHOSSEIN Dalimi ◽  
Parivash DAVOODIAN ◽  
Amir ABDOLI
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Congenital Toxoplasmosis ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The People ◽  
Fetal Infection ◽  
History Of ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii Infection

Background: Toxoplasmosis can cause miscarriage or complications in the fetus. Diagnosis and treatment of this disease by anti-parasitic drugs especially in early pregnancy can help to prevent fetal infection and its complications. This study aimed to determine T. gondii infection in pregnant women, evaluate risk factors in the transmission of the disease and congenital toxoplasmosis. Methods: Overall, 360 sera of pregnant women from 5 cities in the Hormozgan Province in southern Iran with different climate were evaluated from 2015-2016 for T. gondii infection by using ELISA method and positive cases of IgM and IgG were tested again using Avidity IgG ELISA. All cases were evaluated according to climate, acute and chronic of toxoplasmosis, number of pregnancy and abortion, epidemiological factors and food habits. Results: Among 360 specimens T. gondii IgG + IgM antibodies were found positive in 0. 8% subjects and also 27% of samples had IgG seropositivity. A significant relationship was observed between age, sampling place, consumption of raw and half cooked meat, history of contact with cats, abortion history, number of children, and parity with IgG positive. In Avidity IgG ELISA test, 13 people with low avidity, 3 people with borderline avidity were reported. Conclusion: 72. 2% of the population had no antibody against the disease that this could be a warning to the people and requires education of preventive and prenatal care and routine screening of women at childbearing age.

scholarly journals GAMBARAN FAKTOR RESIKO IBU DENGAN TERHADAP KEJADIAN ASFIKSIA NEONATORUM DI RSUD RASIDIN PADANG TAHUN 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Novria Hesti
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Maternal Risk Factors ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Maternal Risk ◽  
Neonatal Asphyxia ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Child ◽  
Data Editing ◽  
History Of

Tahun 2012 angka kematian neonatus di Indonesia yaitu 35 per 1.000 kelahiran, dari angka tersebut 35,9 % disebabkan oleh gangguan pernapasan/asfiksia. Faktor resiko dari ibu seperti usia, paritas, riwayat perdarahan di trimester III dan hipertensi dapat menyebabkan asfiksia pada bayi. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menggambarkan faktor resiko individual ibu terhadap kejadian asfiksia neonatorum di RSUD Rasidin Padang Tahun 2017. Jenis penelitian descriptif. Dilakukan di RSUD Rasidin Padang pada Tanggal 11 Juli 2018, dengan populasi seluruh ibu yang melahirkan dengan bayi asfiksia di RSUD Rasidin, dengan teknik pengambilan sampel total sampling dengan menggunakan kriteria inklusi, dengan jenis pengambilan data yaitu data sekunder, teknik pengolahan data editing, coding, entry data,tabulating, cleaning serta analisa data menggunakan analisa univariat. Dari hasil penelitian ibu yang melahirkan dengan bayi asfiksia didapatkan 22 orang ibu (66,67%) memiliki usia < 20 tahun atau > 35 tahun, sebanyak 19 orang ibu (57,57%) yang melahirkan anak pertama atau anak ke >3, sebanyak 4 orang ibu (12,12%) memiliki riwayat perdarahan timester III, sebanyak orang ibu(9,10%) memiliki riwayat hipertensi. Sebagian besar ibu yang  yang melahirkan bayi dengan asfiksia  memiliki usia < 20 tahun atau > 35 tahun. Sebagian Ibu yang melahirkan bayi dengan asfiksia merupakan anak pertama atau anak ke >3. Sebagian kecil ibu yang melahirkan dengan bayi asfiksia memiliki riwayat perdarahan timester III. Sebagian kecil ibu yang melahirkan dengan bayi asfiksia memiliki riwayat hipertensi. Diharapkan agar meningkatkan pelayanan yang lebih efektif dalam medeteksi persalinan dengan resiko sehinga keadaan ibu dan bayi dapat tertangani secara optimal.   Kata Kunci : Asfiksia Neonatorum, Usia, Paritas, Perdarahan Trimester III, Hipertensi           ABSTRAK                  In 2012 the neonatal mortality rate in Indonesia was 35 per 1,000 births, of which 35.9% were caused by respiratory / asphyxia disorders. Maternal risk factors such as age, parity, history of bleeding in the third trimester and hypertension can cause asphyxia in infants. The aim of the study was to describe the individual maternal risk factors for the incidence of neonatal asphyxia in Rasidin Padang Hospital in 2017. Descriptive research type. It was conducted at Rasidin Hospital in Padang 11 Juli 2018, with a population of all mothers giving birth to asphyxia babies in Rasidin Hospital, with a total sampling technique using inclusion criteria, with data collection types namely secondary data, editing data processing techniques, coding, data entry, tabulating, cleaning and data analysis using univariate analysis. From the results of the research, mothers who gave birth to asphyxial infants found 22 mothers (66.67%) had an age of <20 years or> 35 years, as many as 19 mothers (57.57%) who gave birth to their first child or> 3 children, as many as 4 mothers (12.12%) had a history of bleeding in the third trimester, as many as mothers (9.10%) had a history of hypertension. Most of the mothers who gave birth to asphyxial babies had <20 years or> 35 years. Some mothers who give birth to babies with asphyxia are the first child or> 3 children. A small percentage of mothers giving birth to asphyxial infants have a history of bleeding in the third trimester. A small percentage of mothers giving birth to asphyxial babies have a history of hypertension. It is expected to improve services that are more effective in detecting labor with risk so that the condition of the mother and baby can be handled optimally. Keywords: Neonatal Asphyxia, Age, Parity, Third Trimester Bleeding, Hypertension

Second-child Policy and Incidence of Infant Eye Diseases in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenhui Ma ◽  
Xiaomei Wan ◽  
Mingming Jiang ◽  
Yichao Ding ◽  
Yuan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Diseases ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Parental Factors ◽  
Second Child ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Third ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Single Child ◽  
Ophthalmic Diseases

Abstract Purpose To explore the influence of parental factors associated with the second-child policy on the incidence of ophthalmic diseases in infants. Methods Data were collected on children (aged < 3 years) admitted to Qingdao Eye Hospital, China, from January 2017 to December 2019, and patients with a family history of eye illnesses were excluded. We recorded the age, sex, diagnosis, mother’s history, age of the mother at birth, and parents’ education and the same values for all siblings. Results A total of 383 children (aged < 3 years) were admitted to the Qingdao Eye Hospital. There were also 159 siblings for a total of 541 children from 383 families. There were 229 single-child families and 154 multiple-child families. Among all the children involved in the study, the prevalence of ophthalmic diseases was 62.2% in the oldest child, 90.8% in the second, and 100% in the third. Among all 154 multiple-child families, the prevalence of ophthalmic diseases was 6.5% in the oldest child, 90.8% in the second child, and 100% in the third child. Parent’s age at the time of the child’s birth was not found to be related to whether the child had an eye disease for any of the children in this study. But the parents’ highest level of educational level was associated with a lower chance of any eye disease. Conclusion Parity affects the prevalence of ocular disease in children. Strengthening fertility education and raising maternity security may help reduce the prevalence of eye diseases in children.

scholarly journals The Comparison of Family Function and its Related Factors in First-Child Infertile Women and Second-Child Infertile Women after 'Two-Child' Policy in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Silva Mirela Cristina da ◽  
Rozatto Juliana Rodrigues ◽  
Silva Ana Maria Bettoni Rodrigues da ◽  
Silva Marco Antônio Moreira Rodrigues da ◽  
Magri Laís Valencise
Keyword(s):  
Related Factors ◽  
Family Function ◽  
Second Child ◽  
Infertile Women ◽  
First Child ◽  
Child Policy

Protective Factors and Suicidality in Members of Arab Kindred

Crisis ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami Hamdan ◽  
Nadine Melhem ◽  
Israel Orbach ◽  
Ilana Farbstein ◽  
Mohammad El-Haib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Suicidal Risk ◽  
Arab Population ◽  
Psychiatric Interview ◽  
History Of

Background: Relatively little is known about the role of protective factors in an Arab population in the presence of suicidal risk factors. Aims: To examine the role of protective factors in a subsample of in large Arab Kindred participants in the presence of suicidal risk factors. Methods: We assessed protective and risk factors in a sample of 64 participants (16 suicidal and 48 nonsuicidal) between 15 and 55 years of age, using a comprehensive structured psychiatric interview, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), self-reported depression, anxiety, hopelessness, impulsivity, hostility, and suicidal behavior in first-degree and second-relatives. We also used the Religiosity Questionnaire and suicide attitude (SUIATT) and multidimensional perceived support scale. Results: Suicidal as opposed to nonsuicidal participants were more likely to have a lifetime history of major depressive disorder (MDD) (68.8% vs. 22.9% χ2 = 11.17, p = .001), an anxiety disorder (87.5% vs. 22.9, χ2 = 21.02, p < .001), or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (25% vs. 0.0%, Fisher’s, p = .003). Individuals who are otherwise at high risk for suicidality have a much lower risk when they experience higher perceived social support (3.31 ± 1.36 vs. 4.96 ± 1.40, t = 4.10, df = 62, p < .001), and they have the view that suicide is somehow unacceptable (1.83 ± .10 vs. 1.89 ± .07, t = 2.76, df = 60, p = .008). Conclusions: Taken together with other studies, these data suggest that the augmentation of protective factors could play a very important role in the prevention of incidental and recurrent suicidal behavior in Arab populations, where suicidal behavior in increasing rapidly.

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