Phytotherapy and Herbal Medicines for Kidney Stones

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
Esteban Emiliani ◽  
Adrian Jara ◽  
Andres Koey Kanashiro
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Kidney Stones ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Phyllanthus Niruri ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Uric Acid Stones

Background: Kidney stones are one of the oldest known and common diseases in the urinary tract with a prevalence that varies from 1% to 20%. Many phytotherapic and herbal medicines for kidney stones have been described for their treatment and prevention. Objective: The objective of this study is to perform a comprehensive review of several phytotherapic and herbal medicines published including clinical and animal studies. Results: Phytotherapy may influence the risk of recurrence in calcium oxalate and uric acid stones. The most solid evidence suggest that Phyllanthus niruri is one of the most studied components that appear to interfere with the calcium oxalate crystallization, reduced hyperoxaluria and hiperuricosuria and increased shock wave lithotripsy efficacy due to reduced crystallization without significant adverse effects, also Theobromine have shown to reduce the crystallization of uric acid in patients and appears to be a promising supplement to treat such stones. Conclusion: Many phytoterapic and herbal agents have been studies to treat and present urolithiasis, most of them only with studies of small number of patients or in animal models. Further randomized clinical trials are needed to evaluate the effect of these agents in kidney stones.

scholarly journals Incidence and Characteristics of Kidney Stones in Patients on Ketogenic Diet: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Diseases ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Prakrati Acharya ◽  
Chirag Acharya ◽  
Charat Thongprayoon ◽  
Panupong Hansrivijit ◽  
Swetha R. Kanduri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Kidney Stones ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effects Model ◽  
Ketogenic Diets ◽  
Cochrane Database ◽  
Uric Acid Stones ◽  
Low Carbohydrate

Very-low-carbohydrate diets or ketogenic diets are frequently used for weight loss in adults and as a therapy for epilepsy in children. The incidence and characteristics of kidney stones in patients on ketogenic diets are not well studied. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed, using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from the databases’ inception through April 2020. Observational studies or clinical trials that provide data on the incidence and/or types of kidney stones in patients on ketogenic diets were included. We applied a random-effects model to estimate the incidence of kidney stones. Results: A total of 36 studies with 2795 patients on ketogenic diets were enrolled. The estimated pooled incidence of kidney stones was 5.9% (95% CI, 4.6–7.6%, I2 = 47%) in patients on ketogenic diets at a mean follow-up time of 3.7 +/− 2.9 years. Subgroup analyses demonstrated the estimated pooled incidence of kidney stones of 5.8% (95% CI, 4.4–7.5%, I2 = 49%) in children and 7.9% (95% CI, 2.8–20.1%, I2 = 29%) in adults, respectively. Within reported studies, 48.7% (95% CI, 33.2–64.6%) of kidney stones were uric stones, 36.5% (95% CI, 10.6–73.6%) were calcium-based (CaOx/CaP) stones, and 27.8% (95% CI, 12.1–51.9%) were mixed uric acid and calcium-based stones, respectively. Conclusions: The estimated incidence of kidney stones in patients on ketogenic diets is 5.9%. Its incidence is approximately 5.8% in children and 7.9% in adults. Uric acid stones are the most prevalent kidney stones in patients on ketogenic diets followed by calcium-based stones. These findings may impact the prevention and clinical management of kidney stones in patients on ketogenic diets.

scholarly journals Herbal Medicines in the Treatment of Dyspepsia: An Overview

Planta Medica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thaise Boeing ◽  
Priscila de Souza ◽  
Luisa Mota da Silva ◽  
Arquimedes Gasparotto Junior
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
Gastroprotective Action

AbstractThis review focuses on the efficacy of herbal medicines for managing dyspepsia in humans and animals. Searches were conducted on the PubMed, Science Direct, and Medline databases, for publications in the last 3 years. In each database, the search terms used consisted of the 2 key terms describing the disorder and subtypes plus each of the terms relating to the therapy. The key terms used were “natural product” and “medicinal plant” in a cross-over with “dyspepsia” and “functional dyspepsia” (i.e., gastroprotection, Helicobacter pylori infection, prokinetic). We included all human and animal studies on the effects of herbal medicines reporting the key outcome of dyspepsia symptoms. Preclinical studies using critically validated models showed that most medicinal plants with gastroprotective action had antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antisecretory effects. Moreover, several species displayed anti Helicobacter pylori and prokinetic efficacy. The data availability of controlled clinical studies is currently minimal. The use of different methodologies and the minimal number of patients raise doubts about the effects of these preparations. Only adequate clinical trials with scientifically validated methods can determine whether different herbal medicines can be used as viable alternatives to the conventional pharmacological treatments used to control dyspepsia symptoms.

scholarly journals Urolithiasis in male patients: A pilot study on the ethnic differences and clinical profile

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-98
Author(s):  
Jayadevan Sreedharan ◽  
LJ John ◽  
HAM Aly Freeg ◽  
J Muttappallymyalil
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Clinical Profile ◽  
Urinary Stones ◽  
Ureteral Stones ◽  
Stone Size ◽  
Uric Acid Stones ◽  
Male Patients

Background   Ethnicity play a role in the occurrence of urinary stones, probably related to climatic, environmental and dietary factors in ethnic groups. The association between ethnicity, age, clinical profile, stone size with type of ureteric stones among males with urolithiasis was studied.   Materials and Methods Male patients (>18 years) with lower ureteral stones size <10mm attending outpatient department of Urology, at a private hospital, Ajman over a period of one year were included. Ethics approval was obtained from Institutional Ethics Committee. Data was retrieved from the case records which included socio-demographic variables (age, ethnicity), clinical profile (ureteric colic, duration of pain, other complaints), and laboratory investigations (type of stone, stone size). Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed with SPSS-20 and p values <0.05 considered significant. Results 185 male patients were included. Mean age was 41.5 (7.3) years, range (22-71) years. Out of the total, 81 (43.8%) patients were Asians, 81(43.8%) Arabs and 23 (12.4%) were of other ethnicity. Most patients (95.1%) presented with ureteric pain. 49 (26.5%) had family history of stone disease where calcium oxalate monohydrate and uric acid stones were common, with majority being first degree relation. Data on stone type was available for 90 patients; of which, 21 were calcium oxalate monohydrate, 33-calcium oxalate dehydrate, 24-uric acid and remaining 12 other form of stones. Average age for different types of stone was 38.3, 41.6, 39.4 and 42.8 years for calcium oxalate monohydrate, calcium oxalate dehydrate, uric acid and other types respectively. Conclusion Uric acid stones were more prevalent among Asians and calcium oxalate-dehydrate stones among Arabs. Future studies can be conducted among multiethnic population focusing on dietary pattern and stone analysis.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v4i4.11359 Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 2014; 4(4):393-98

scholarly journals Kidney Stone Composition in Various Country Around the World

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Halinski ◽  
Elenko Popov ◽  
Kamran Hassan Bhattikam ◽  
Luca Boeri ◽  
Jonathan Cloutier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Urinary Stones ◽  
Stone Composition ◽  
Calcium Stones ◽  
Uric Acid Stones ◽  
The World ◽  
Cystine Stones ◽  
Struvite Stones

Abstract To compare urinary stone composition patterns in different populations around the world in relation to the structure of their population, dietary habits, and climate. 1204 adult patients with urolithiasis and stone analysis was included . International websites were searched to obtain data. We observed 710(59%) patients with calcium oxalate, 31(1%) calcium phosphate, 161(13%) mixed calcium oxalate/calcium phosphate, 15(1%) carbapatite, 110(9%) uric acid, 7(<1%) urate, 100(9%) mixed uric acid/ calcium oxalate, 56(5%) struvite and 14(1%) cystine stones. Calcium stones were the most common in all countries (up to 91%) with the highest rates in Canada and China. Oxalate stones were more common than phosphate or mixed phosphate/oxalate stones except Egypt and India. The rate of uric acid stones, being higher in Egypt, India, Pakistan, Iraq, Poland, and Bulgaria. Struvite stones occurred in less than 5% except India (23%) and Pakistan (16%). Cystine stones occurred in 1%. The frequency of different types of urinary stones varies from country to country. Calcium stones are prevalent in all countries. Uric acid stones seems to depend mainly on climatic factors, being higher in countries with desert or tropical climates. Dietary patterns can also lead to an increase it. Struvite stones are decreasing in most countries.

Study of the effect of alcoholic extracts of Maidenhair fern and corn silk in breaking up kidney stones out of living body

2021 ◽  
pp. 5489-5497
Author(s):  
Hala A. Saad ◽  
Saad M. Shukr ◽  
Elaf H. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Kidney Stones ◽  
The Body ◽  
Living Body ◽  
Corn Silk ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Acidic Function ◽  
Active Substances

This study was conducted on a number of patients with kidney stones, as (60) samples were collected for patients from Baghdad hospitals, while recording the necessary information about the patients. As the results of the analysis on stones taken from 60 patients with kidney stones that shows the materials involved in the formation of the stones were analyzed and the following percentages were calcium 60%, phosphate 30%, oxalate 30%, uric acid 5%, ammonium 3%, magnesium 2%, carbonate and cysteine 0%. Some chemical discoveries have been made of the active compounds in plants, such as the active substances in the coriander plant are tannins, saponins, steroids, glycosides, and phenolic compounds, and the absence of coumarins. As for maize stigmas, the active substances are the presence of coumarins, saponins, steroids, phenolic compounds, and glycosides. The presence of tannins, and the toxicity of plant extracts was revealed, as it showed the non-toxicity of maidenhair and the toxicity of corn stigma. The effect of the alcoholic extracts of plants on the gravel weight and the percentage of degradation outside the body, as well as the concentrations of liberated phosphates, uric acid, calcium, and the acidic function of each of the alcoholic extracts of coriander and corn stems were estimated before adding the gravel and after adding it, and it was calculated over a period of four weeks.

scholarly journals Pre-operative Percutaneous Nephrolithotripsy Characterisation of Kidney Stones with Second-Generation Dual-Source Dual-Energy Computed Tomography

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
DK Mella Mohd Ali ◽  
Mohd Hafizi Mahmud ◽  
Noor Shafini Mohamad
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Kidney Stones ◽  
Kidney Stone ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Spectroscopy Analysis ◽  
Stone Composition ◽  
Dual Source

Background: The current clinical practice to manage kidney stone requires knowledge of the stone composition. However, it is often difficult to determine the actual stone composition before a stone is operatively removed from the patient. Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) can predict urinary stone composition, but it is not widely adopted. The purpose of the study was to investigate the use of a second-generation DECT with tin or stannum (Sn) filter for characterising the kidney stones composition. Methods: Thirty-three kidney stones were scanned ex vivo using a dual-source (DS)DECT scanner with dual-energy (DE) mode of 80/140 kVp with and without 4 mm Sn filtration. DE ratio was calculated to determine the kidney stones composition (uric acid, calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate and cystine). The median DE ratio of the stones was compared using Wilcoxon signed rank test and the results were further correlated with semi-quantitative Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis using Kendall’s Tau test with P < 0.05 deemed to be statistically significant. Results: Second-generation DS-DECT could significantly discriminate the stones composition with and without Sn filtration (P < 0.001). The median DE ratio of uric acid, calcium oxalate and cystine stones were significantly higher with Sn filtration than those without filtration (P < 0.05). DECT results revealed significant correlation with FTIR spectroscopy analysis (r = 0.716, P < 0.001). DECT with Sn filtration showed increased performance (100% sensitivity, 0% specificity) than those without filtration (48.5% sensitivity, 0% specificity) in the detection of the kidney stone subtypes. Conclusion: In the second-generation DECT with additional Sn filtration, DECT has shown a significant performance in characterising and discriminating the kidney stone composition. This may improve diagnostic and therapy management in kidney stones cases.

Rate-controlled nano-layered assembly mechanism of melamine-induced melamine–uric acid stones and its inhibition and elimination methods

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (26) ◽  
pp. 4133-4140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenya Dong ◽  
Yuzhen Zhang ◽  
Ping Hu ◽  
Hongwu Xu ◽  
Jie Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Kidney Stones ◽  
Assembly Process ◽  
Nano Scale ◽  
Assembly Mechanism ◽  
Uric Acid Stones ◽  
Rate Controlled

The formation of kidney stones induced by melamine is a rate-controlled nano-scale supramolecular layered assembly process.

scholarly journals Characterization of Urinary Tract Stones with Dual Energy Computed Tomography

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Baidyanath Yadav ◽  
Surendra Maharjan
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Graphical Analysis ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Ct Scanner ◽  
Dual Energy Computed Tomography ◽  
Uric Acid Stones

Introduction. Dual Energy Computed Tomography (DECT) scan can provides simple and reliable differentiation between uric acid and non-uric acid stones. The characterization of various stones was based on the dual energy ratio and x-ray attenuation or HU. Methodology. A prospective study was conducted among 101 adult patients in Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH), Nepal. Informed written consent was obtained from all the participants. The standard low doses CT KUB were performed in multi-slice CT scanner (Siemens Somatom Definition AS+ 128 slice) at 120 kVp and 250 mAs. When stones were detected, second dual energy scans using 80 kVp and 140 kVp were obtained focusing only on the region of stones for their characterization. After post processing and graphical analysis at Syngo Via work station, the components of the stones were identified. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS v21.0 software.Results. Out of 101 patients, 49 (48.5%) had calcium oxalate stones, 17 (16.87%) had uric acid stones, 16 (15.8%) had hydroxyapatite, 15 (14.9%) had cystine and 4 (4%) had mixed type of stones. Dual energy ratios were ranged from 0.55-1.11 for uric acid stone, 1.12-1.24 for cystine and more than 1.24 for calcium oxalate and hydroxyapatite stones. The mean HU noted in our study were; for uric acid stones (461.12 ± 119 HU at 80 kV, 449 ± 98.5 HU at 140 kV), for cystine (870.79 ± 386 at 80 kV, 743 ± 341 at 140 kV), for calcium oxalate (1246 ± 448 at 80 kV, 915 ± 316 at 140 kV) for hydroxyapatite (1301 ± 387 at 80 kV, 896 ± 315 at 140 kV) and mixed stone had (779.25 ± 269 HU at 80 kV, 665.5 ± 252 HU at 140 kV).

scholarly journals Urinary stone composition analysis of 3684 patients in the eastern Shandong region of China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuebao Zhang ◽  
Jiajia Ma ◽  
Ning Wang ◽  
Chunhua Lin
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Infrared Spectrum ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Spectrum Analysis ◽  
Urinary Stones ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Carbonate Apatite ◽  
Uric Acid Stones ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Spectrum Analysis System

Abstract Objective To explore the composition of urinary stones in the eastern Shandong region of China and discuss its clinical significance. Methods A total of 3684 specimens of urinary calculi from the eastern Shandong region were collected in our study. Compositions of stones were analyzed by Automatic Infrared Spectrum Analysis System (type LIIR-20). The results were verified through manual analysis of the spectrogram which is accompanied by polarizing microscopy and chemical analysis if necessary. Results Among the 3684 specimens, there were 1767 single-component stones and 1917 mixed-component stones. According to the difference of the main components of the stones, the stones can be divided into the following types: calcium oxalate monohydrate stones (1779, 48.29%), anhydrous uric acid stones (1105, 29.99%), carbonate apatite stones (590, 16.02%), ammonium magnesium phosphate hexahydrate stones (143, 3.88%), calcium oxalate dehydrate stones (36, 0.98%), and cystine stones (31, 0.84%). Conclusion There are relatively many uric acid stones in the eastern Shandong region of China. The automatic infrared spectrum analysis system for calculus has the advantages of accuracy and convenience.

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