scholarly journals Crisis Management in the Pharmaceutical Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-56
Author(s):  
L. Niemuth
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
Program Implementation ◽  
Business Objectives ◽  
Primary Function ◽  
Planning Phase ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Management Functions

The first step of management functions is planning. It is the starting point of a process. It asks what needs to be done and how it should be done in order to achieve business objectives. The planning phase also defines the goals, policies, programs and procedures for program implementation for the company or individual departments. Planning is also considered a primary function. This phase is designed to avoid errors as far as possible, as they can affect all other management functions.

The Effects of Patent Extension and Take-Back Regulation on Green Pharmacy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianqin Shi ◽  
Nicholas C. Petruzzi ◽  
Dilip Chhajed
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Problem Definition ◽  
Theoretic Model ◽  
Innovative Company ◽  
Take Back ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
European Environmental Agency ◽  
Managerial Implications

Problem definition: The eco-toxicity arising from unused pharmaceuticals has regulators advocating the benign design concept of “green pharmacy,” but high research and development expenses can be prohibitive. We therefore examine the impacts of two regulatory mechanisms, patent extension and take-back regulation, on inducing drug manufacturers to go green. Academic/practical relevance: One incentive suggested by the European Environmental Agency is a patent extension for a company that redesigns its already patented pharmaceutical to be more environmentally friendly. This incentive can encourage both the development of degradable drugs and the disclosure of technical information. Yet, it is unclear how effective the extension would be in inducing green pharmacy and in maximizing social welfare. Methodology: We develop a game-theoretic model in which an innovative company collects monopoly profits for a patented pharmaceutical but faces competition from a generic rival after the patent expires. A social-welfare-maximizing regulator is the Stackelberg leader. The regulator leads by offering a patent extension to the innovative company while also imposing take-back regulation on the pharmaceutical industry. Then the two-profit maximizing companies respond by setting drug prices and choosing whether to invest in green pharmacy. Results: The regulator’s optimal patent extension offer can induce green pharmacy but only if the offer exceeds a threshold length that depends on the degree of product differentiation present in the pharmaceutical industry. The regulator’s correspondingly optimal take-back regulation generally prescribes a required collection rate that decreases as its optimal patent extension offer increases, and vice versa. Managerial implications: By isolating green pharmacy as a potential target to address pharmaceutical eco-toxicity at its source, the regulatory policy that we consider, which combines the incentive inherent in earning a patent extension on the one hand with the penalty inherent in complying with take-back regulation on the other hand, serves as a useful starting point for policymakers to optimally balance economic welfare considerations with environmental stewardship considerations.

Peruvian small and medium-sized enterprises and COVID-19: Time for a new start!

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Durst ◽  
Mariano Martin Genaro Palacios Acuache ◽  
Guido Bruns
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Qualitative Research Design ◽  
The People ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose Crises of any type have become an integral part of business activity and responses to them could make the difference between survival and failure. This applies in particular to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Taking the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic as a starting point, this study aims to investigate how Peruvian SMEs have been coping with COVID-19 so far. Based on that a conceptual framework is proposed which highlights the practice of SMEs trying to deal with a new type of crisis. Design/methodology/approach The study is based on an exploratory qualitative research design involving 25 semi-structured interviews conducted in Peruvian SMEs. Findings The findings demonstrate how the Peruvian firms studied to adapt to the new situation and initiate responses to increasing the chance of survival. Furthermore, the role of the companies’ decision-makers, as well as the role of crisis management and other related approaches in the companies are shown. Research limitations/implications The paper expands the underdeveloped body of knowledge regarding crisis management in Latin America in general and crisis management in SMEs by providing insight into how Peruvian SMEs perceive and adapt to the COVID-19 pandemic. Practical implications The findings presented in this paper have implications for both managers and managerial staff of SMEs but also for the people in charge of the curricula at universities and other teaching-focused institutes. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first empirical study of crisis management on the impacts of COVID-19 with a dedicated focus on SMEs from Latin America. It provides fresh insight into current reactions to the Pandemic.

scholarly journals A Taxonomy of Crisis Management Functions

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 5147
Author(s):  
Todor Tagarev ◽  
Valeri Ratchev
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Management ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Crisis Communications ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Innovation Project ◽  
Risk Reduction Measures ◽  
Search For Information ◽  
Management Functions

The management of crises triggered by natural or manmade events requires a concerted effort of various actors crossing institutional and geographic boundaries. Technological advances allow to make crisis management more effective, but innovation is hindered by dispersed and often disconnected knowledge on the lessons learned, gaps, and solutions. Taxonomies enable the search for information of potential interest. This article presents a taxonomy of crisis management functions, designed on the basis of a conceptual model integrating the concepts of hazard, vulnerability, risk, and community, and the main consequence- and management-based concepts. At its highest level, the taxonomy includes ten functional areas: preparatory (mitigation, capability development, and strategic adaptiveness), operational (protection, response, and recovery), and common (crisis communications and information management; command, control, and coordination; logistics; and security management). The taxonomy facilitates the navigation of online platforms and the matching of needs and solutions. It has broader applications, e.g., for structuring the assessment of the societal impact of crisis management solutions and as a framework for a comprehensive assessment of disaster risk reduction measures. While the taxonomy was developed within a research and innovation project supported by the European Union, it reflects and is compatible with established international concepts and classification schemes, and is thus applicable by a wider international community.

Attack or Defend? The Role of Institutional Context on Patent Litigation Strategies

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 1226-1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce C. Rudy ◽  
Stephanie L. Black
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Semiconductor Industry ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Patent Litigation ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Institutional Contexts

Research has suggested that firms engage in a number of different patent strategies to protect and even gain competitive advantage. However, we know less about the strategies firms employ when engaging in patent litigation. Using proprietary and defensive generic patent strategies as a starting point, this paper describes two types of patent litigation strategies, the types of institutional contexts that would be expected to motivate firms to engage in each, and the performance outcomes of firms undertaking such strategies. Analyzing patent litigation activity between 2002 and 2008 in the pharmaceutical and semiconductor industries, we find that firms in the pharmaceutical industry are more likely to follow a proactive proprietary patent litigation strategy, while firms in the semiconductor industry are more likely to engage in a proactive defensive patent litigation strategy. Furthermore, firms in the semiconductor industry that followed a proactive defensive patent litigation strategy enjoyed better performance than firms that did not engage in this strategy.

scholarly journals Anti-Crisis Personnel Management in the Modern Realities of Business Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
Irina Abramova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Staff Development ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
Personnel Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Management Activity ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Management Functions

Annotation. Introduction. The main problem of modern crisis management is associated with the lack of preventive crisis management practices of socio-economic systems, resulting in a set of emergency response measures: staff reductions, salary cuts, curtailment of training programs and staff development, which destroys the foundation of the organization – human capital. Purpose. At the same time, there are certain problematic and debatable points in terms of the formation of anti-crisis management of human resources in terms of theory and practice. Results. Accordingly, the article forms approach to the interpretation of the concept of crisis management of personnel in terms of discussion aspects such as definition, elements, principles and functions, stages. It is determined that anti-crisis personnel management is considered in terms of preventive, reactive and comprehensive approach depending on the situation in the personnel system of the enterprise. The author’s definition of “anti-crisis personnel management” is formed, which means a type of management activity that includes a set of specific functions, forms, methods and means of preventive and reactive management influence on human resources, aimed at identifying crisis phenomena, preventing crisis, its localization and liquidation; minimization of its negative impact on the further development of the enterprise. It is proved that anti-crisis personnel management is a type of anti-crisis management, ie it is characterized by specific methods, subjects and tools. The causes of personnel crises are systematized and the varieties depending on the situation in the personnel and personnel policy of the enterprise are singled out. Conclusions. Regardless of the source (external or internal), the crisis is always accompanied by extremely negative phenomena for both the organization and staff: falling production and sales, financial insolvency, a clear deterioration in the financial situation of workers, lack of employment guarantees, uncertainty of the future, lack of initiative, etc. Therefore, the issues of forming an effective system of anti-crisis personnel management, based on a clear mechanism and tools for personnel management, are relevant. Keywords: anti-crisis management; personnel; principles of anti-crisis personnel management; functions and methods of management.

Capturing the citizen perspective in crisis management exercises: possibilities and challenges

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Scott ◽  
Carina Brandow ◽  
Jennifer Hobbins ◽  
Sofia Nilsson ◽  
Ann Enander
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Management ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Management Training ◽  
Important Condition ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Learning Framework ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Training Exercises ◽  
Crisis Managers ◽  
Collection Methods

Purpose – Supporting and communicating with citizens is a vital part of societal crisis management. Training exercises may offer an opportunity to develop capabilities among managers in this regard. The purpose of this paper is to examine this potential in an analysis of how citizens were portrayed and perceived by participants in a major crisis management exercise. Design/methodology/approach – Observation, document analysis and short interviews during the exercise were used as data collection methods. Data were subjected to thematic analysis to capture core themes in relation to the research aim. Findings – Patterns in how citizens’ reactions were portrayed in the exercise were identified to form a citizen behaviour typology. Observations during the exercise also demonstrated some of the challenges in incorporating the citizen perspective. However, findings regarding the perception of the citizen perspective also demonstrate the ability of exercise participants to meet and respond to public behaviours with respect and seriousness. Originality/value – Variation is an important condition for learning in exercises, and the identified typology is suggested as a starting point for achieving this in incorporation of the citizen perspective in training scenarios. The results of the study are discussed in terms of a learning framework with the aim of explicitly developing crisis managers’ ability to interact and communicate with citizens in crisis situations.

Chemical relationships between cephalosporins and penicillins

1971 ◽  
Vol 179 (1057) ◽  
pp. 345-355 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Substitution Pattern ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Similar Chemical ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost

The group of antibiotics known as the penicillins have a unique position in chemistry. Not only were they the first type of antibiotic to be widely accepted in medical practice, but their manufacture provided a powerful stimulant for the growth of the pharmaceutical industry. Furthermore, they still represent the most important and widely dispensed group of antibiotics in current use (Hewitt 1967). Several thousand tons of the penicillins are produced annually. Modern production methods have reduced the cost to a few pence per gram. As a consequence one should now regard the penicillins as a potentially useful raw material, suitable as a starting-point for the synthesis of a variety of derivatives. As an example one may quote the use of penicillins as precursors for the syn­thesis of the related, very useful antibiotics, the cephalosporins. The penam 1 and cephem 2 systems have similar chemical structures notable in possessing the identical β-lactam grouping 3 and the same C 5 isoprenoid-like unit [to the right of the dotted lines in 1 and 2.] The systems differ in that the cephalosporins possess a higher oxidation level than the penicillins and a different substitution pattern on the C 5 unit.

scholarly journals Description and Analysis of Glycosidic Residues in the Largest Open Natural Products Database

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 486
Author(s):  
Jonas Schaub ◽  
Achim Zielesny ◽  
Christoph Steinbeck ◽  
Maria Sorokina
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Molecular Transport ◽  
Target Specificity ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Living Organisms

Natural products (NPs), biomolecules produced by living organisms, inspire the pharmaceutical industry and research due to their structural characteristics and the substituents from which they derive their activities. Glycosidic residues are frequently present in NP structures and have particular pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic importance as they improve their solubility and are often involved in molecular transport, target specificity, ligand–target interactions, and receptor binding. The COlleCtion of Open Natural prodUcTs (COCONUT) is currently the largest open database of NPs, and therefore a suitable starting point for the detection and analysis of the diversity of glycosidic residues in NPs. In this work, we report and describe the presence of circular, linear, terminal, and non-terminal glycosidic units in NPs, together with their importance in drug discovery.

scholarly journals Anti-crisis management – the basis of ensuring the economic security of the enterprise

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Lina KOSTAKOVA ◽  
Oleh TESLENKO
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Management ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Modern Development ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Management Functions ◽  
Crisis Situations

In the course of the research it was established that under the conditions of modern development of economic relations in Ukraine a significant share of enterprises is in a state of crisis. It is established that crisis processes are predictable and expected and it is necessary to be ready for crisis situations. It was found that the neutralization of crisis phenomena, forecasting and prevention of insolvency of economic entities, as well as the stabilization of their financial and economic activities are possible under the conditions of effective anti-crisis management. Based on the systematization of the authors' interpretations on the definition of crisis management and economic security of the enterprise, it was found that crisis management is the basis for ensuring the appropriate level of economic security of the enterprise. The role of anti-crisis management functions is determined and their division into universal and specific, the action of which is aimed at maintaining the economic security of the enterprise in its various aspects. It is proved that the creation of an effective system of crisis management of the enterprise is a fundamental system, through which you can not only determine the location of the crisis, but also its causes. The essence of the main tasks of anti-crisis management of the enterprise is revealed, the implementation of which will help to identify crisis situations at the enterprise and minimize their negative consequences. The characteristic of principles of anti-crisis management of the enterprise is given. The process of anti-crisis management of the enterprise, which ensures its economic security in terms of the financial component, is studied. It is substantiated that the creation of an effective anti-crisis program is a guideline in ensuring the economic security of the enterprise.

scholarly journals Knowledge Management Support for Enterprise Distributed Systems

2011 ◽  
pp. 294-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun-Heh Chen-Burger ◽  
Yannis Kalfoglou
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Web Applications ◽  
Organizational Memory ◽  
Knowledge Generation ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Management Support ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Good Starting Point ◽  
Management Functions

Explosion of information and increasing demands on semantic processing Web applications have pushed software systems to their limits. To address this problem, we propose a semantic-based formal framework (ADP) that makes use of promising technologies to enable knowledge generation and retrieval. We argue that this approach is costeffective, as it reuses and builds on existing knowledge and structure. It is also a good starting point for creating an Organizational Memory and providing Knowledge Management functions.

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