The Origins of the Village Revisited: From Nuclear to Extended Households

2002 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent V. Flannery

In Mesoamerica and the Near East, the emergence of the village seems to have involved two stages. In the first stage, individuals were distributed through a series of small circular-to-oval structures, accompanied by communal or “shared” storage features. In the second stage, nuclear families occupied substantial rectangular houses with private storage rooms. Over the last 30 years a wealth of data from the Near East, Egypt, the Trans-Caucasus, India, Africa, and the Southwest U.S. have enriched our understanding of this phenomenon. And in Mesoamerica and the Near East, evidence suggests that nuclear family households eventually gave way to a third stage, one featuring extended family households whose greater labor force made possible extensive multifaceted economies.

The evolution of stored energy during heating for specimens of deformed α-brass is quite different from that previously observed for pure metals; the stored energy is much larger and at least three stages of evolution exist. These have been studied for deformation in torsion and tension and the results correlated with measurements of electrical resistivity, density and hardness. The large release of energy in the first two stages is attributed mainly to the return of order destroyed by plastic deformation; the degree of disorder after heavy cold work is much greater than after quenching (part II). However, slight deformation (10% tension) increases the degree of order slightly. The first stage of energy release, below 120 °C, is probably due to rapid reordering assisted by vacancies created during deformation. The second stage represents the bulk of the reordering and some recovery involving rearrangement and annihilation of dislocations. The deformed specimens are probably strain-aged and thus recovery is accompanied by the dispersal of atmospheres of zinc which increases resistivity and decreases density, to some extent counteracting the effects of recovery. The balance of these three processes in stage 2 causes complex behaviour, the magnitude and even the sign of some changes in properties varies with the deformation. Reordering is complete before the beginning of the third stage of further recovery and recrystallization, in which dispersal of atmospheres is again important. Comparison of measurements of energy, resistivity and density suggests that the high concentration of stacking faults contributes to the resistivity. Anneal hardening is observed for the higher deformations and the maximum hardness coincides with the maximum degree of order.


Author(s):  
A. V. Tevelev ◽  
A. A. Borisenko ◽  
M. I. Erokhina ◽  
S. S. Popov ◽  
I. A. Kosheleva ◽  
...  

The Katav-Ivanovsk transpression zone experienced at least two stages of tectonic deformations, and the sequence of deformations was approximately the same throughout the entire zone — from the Bakal-Satka fault in the south to the Suleimsky fault in the north. Three stages of the formation of parageneses were identified. The parageneses of the first and the second stages were formed in a pure shear environment, and the paragenesis of the third stage — in a simple shear environment. There are stylolites (S1) parallel to bedding, and mineral veins (V1) in the paragenesis of the first stage. Paragenesis of the second stage combines stylolites (S2), mineral veins (V2) and intergranular cleavage (S2). In paragenesis of the third stage were distinguished schistosity (S3), milonites (S3), cataclasites, mica packets (SC-textures), and the rotation structures of porphyroblasts.


Author(s):  
MAK KABOUDAN ◽  
MARK CONOVER

Forecasts of the San Diego and San Francisco S&P/Case-Shiller Home Price Indices through December 2012 are obtained using a multi-agent system that utilizes January, 2002–June, 2011 data. Agents employ genetic programming (GP) and neural networks (NN) in a three-stage process to produce fits and forecasts. First, GP and NN compete to provide independent predictions. In the second stage, they cooperate by fitting the first-stage competitor's residuals. Outputs from the first two stages then become inputs to produce two final GP and NN outputs. The NN output from the third stage using the combined method produces improved forecasts over the 3-stage GP method as well as those produced by either method alone. The proposed methodology serves as an example of how combining more than one estimation/forecasting technique may lead to more accurate forecasts.


Examination of the behaviour of pollen on the style of Raphanus , following compatible and incompatible intraspecific pollinations, has revealed the self-incompatibility system in this species to be composed of at least three stages. The first, on which no information has been obtained in this study, involves the germination of the grain. The second stage concerns the ability of the pollen tube to penetrate the cuticle of the stigmatic papilla. It is possible that cutinase is deficient in incompatible pollen tubes but, in most instances, the outer layers of the stigmatic wall are penetrated. The third stage involves the interaction of substances secreted by the pollen tube with products of the stigmatic cytoplasm. The interaction is swiftly followed by the deposition, in the stigma, of a layered callosic body. This is formed immediately under the point of penetration and takes about 6 h to develop fully. Development of the pollen tube ceases as the first layers of callose are laid down. It is possible that the substances in the pollen responsible for the initiation of the second two stages are held in the tapetally synthesized tryphine, thus accounting for the sporophytic control of pollen compatibility in this species. The mature stigma contains large numbers of crystalline protein bodies, but it is not known whether they play any role in the self-incompatibility system.


1992 ◽  
Vol 130 ◽  
pp. 378-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Lavely ◽  
Xinhua Ren

The story of the rural Chinese family household in the post-Mao period is generally told in one of three ways, which might be labelled modernization, tradition restored, and demographic determinism. Modernization parallels the family theories of classical sociology: economic development and education tend to undermine extended family living arrangements by instilling nuclear family preferences, while the relaxation of migration restrictions allows young men to seek their fortune away from home. “Tradition restored” sees collectivization as having undermined the foundation of the extended family household, the family economy. The return of family farming has, in this view, restored the conditions under which the extended family can flourish. The demographic determinisi view assumes that family preferences persist but that demographic structures change. Rising life expectancies and declining fertility should increase rates of family extension, since smaller families mean that there will be fewer brothers available to live with a surviving parent. Thus as the birth control cohorts come of age, the prevalence of extended households should increase.


1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Shannon Stokes ◽  
Felicia B. LeClere ◽  
Yeu-Sheng Hsieh

SummaryThe influence of household type on reproductive behaviour is examined for a national probability sample of Taiwanese women. In spite of remarkable social and economic development over the past three decades, extended families are still widely found in Taiwan. Women in extended households have only slightly higher fertility preferences and current fertility than women in nuclear families once marital duration is controlled. Although women in extended households marry earlier and receive more family help with child care than women in nuclear households, such factors are no longer sufficient to produce major differentials in reproductive behaviour. The findings suggest that preferences for smaller families and low fertility need not await a transformation to a nuclear family structure.


2009 ◽  
Vol 79-82 ◽  
pp. 1975-1978
Author(s):  
Oleg Figovsky ◽  
Sergey Usherenko

Now there is a motivation for creation of the materials possessing a considerable difference of physical and chemical properties in volume of composite materials 1 . Composite materials allow realizing a complex of various properties which cannot be realized simultaneously in mono material. The perspective in reception of a new smart nanomaterial is basically defined by possibilities which create processing conditions Choosing and manufacturing of fibers refers to the second stage of composite material reinforcement. Process of assemblage of a composite material from the details made at first two stages of process refers to the third stage. But at each stage of process of manufacturing of a composite material there are specific problems. The basic problem at composite material creation, as a rule, is essential contradictions between engineering solutions for various stages of process.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Hatmi Negria Taruan ◽  
Reza Sastra Wijaya ◽  
Yulfa Haris Saputra

Limbah sering dikenal dengan sampah yang merupakan suatu bahan buangan hasil proses produksi industry dan rumah tangga dimana kehadirannya tidak diinginkan. Salah satu limbah yang adalah limbah kaca. Limbah kaca banyak terdapat ditemukan di tempat-tempat industri kaca seperti akuarium, pabrik botol minuman, pengolahan lemari kaca dan lain sebagainya. Desa jalin adalah salah satu kawasan di kota jantho aceh besar yang memiliki potensi kunjungan wisata alam yang ramah bagi seluruh kalangan. Oleh karena itu alangkah baiknya Kawasan ini dapat sekaligus dijadikan sebagai tempat pengolahan benda seni sebagai penambah daya tarik, salah satunya pengolahan limbah kaca. limbah kaca tersebut diolah dan dimanfaatkan agar menjadi suatu barang yang bernilai ekonomis. Salah satu cara mengolah limbah kaca menjadi produk seni kaligrafi yang bernilai ekonomis bagi masyarakat di kota jalin Jantho, Aceh Besar. Langkah dalam melakukan pengabdian masyarakat ini terdiri dari dua tahap, tahap pertama identifikasi masalah dan tahap kedua penyusunan program. Dalam penyusunan program terdiri dari beberapa tahapan antara lain : Persiapan kepada masyarakat, Pengenalan souvenir-souvenir yang  menghasilkan produk yang kita inginkan dan cara pembuatannya, Mengajarkan kepada masyarakat cara mengolah bahan dan membuat produk di kampung Jalin. Cesspit is often known as rubbish which is a cesspit material produced by industrial and home industry production processes where its presence is undesirable. One cesspit that is glass cesspit. Glass cesspit is found in many places in the glass industry such as aquariums, beverage bottle factories, glass cabinet processing and so on. The jalin vilage  is one of the regions in the  Aceh Besar  jantho city that has the potential for friendly natural tourist visits for all walks of life. Therefore it would be nice this area can also be used as a place of processing of art objects as an addition to attraction, one of which is the treatment of glass cesspit. The glass cesspit is processed and utilized to become an economically valuable item. One way to process glass cesspit into calligraphy art products that are of economic value to people in the intertwined city of Jantho, Aceh Besar. This step in conducting community service consists of two stages, the first stage is the identification of problems and the second stage is the preparation of the program. In the preparation of the program consists of several stages, among others: Preparation to the community, introduction of souvenirs that produce the products we want and how to make them, teach the community how to process ingredients and make products in the village of Jalin


2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huseyin Çakır ◽  
Necla Uluhatun

Cyberspace also brings about cybercrime, which is evolving along with the rapid progress of technology and internet. Captchars are used as a layer of security to prevent these crimes. It is a security mechanism designed to distinguish whether an entry is made by the user when entering a system and is used for protection against malicious bot programs. For this reason, it is important that the introduction is done by human or bot software.In this study, a safer Captcha combination test was presented based on Captcha types and Captcha studies. The proposed approach basically consists of three steps. In the first step, the user is asked to test with a simple text-based Captcha to avoid the difficulty of captcha testing. The second stage, when the first stage test is unsuccessful, offers a more complicated captcha test with text and picture. In the third stage, different-based captcha are presented which are more complex than the first two stages and will force the user. This approach makes it easier to distinguish the bot with the user, and the bot program's algorithm can be challenged with the variety of captcha combinations created. Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.ÖzetSiber dünyada, teknoloji ve internetin hızla ilerlemesi beraberinde gelişmekte olan siber suçları da getirmektedir. Güvenlik kodlar (captcha) bu suçları engellemek amacıyla oluşturulan bir güvenlik katmanı olarak kullanılırlar. Bir sisteme giriş yapıldığında girişin kullanıcı tarafından yapılıp yapılmadığının ayırt edilebilmesi için tasarlanmış bir güvenlik mekanizması ve kötü niyetli bot programlarına karşı korunma amaçlı kullanılır. Bu nedenle girişin insan mı yoksa bot yazılımı tarafından mı yapıldığı önem arz etmektedir.Bu çalışmada, Güvenlik kod (captcha) türleri ve yapılan Güvenlik kod (captcha) çalışmaları baz alınarak daha güvenli bir Güvenlik kod (captcha)  kombinasyon testi sunulmuştur. Önerilen yaklaşım temelde üç aşamadan oluşmaktadır. İlk aşamada kullanıcının Güvenlik kod (captcha) ile imtihanını zorlaştırmamak için metin tabanlı basit Güvenlik kod (captcha) ile test edilmesi istenmektedir. İkinci aşamada, ilk aşama testi başarısız olduğunda metin ve resim tabanlı daha zorlaştırılmış Güvenlik kod (captcha) testi sunulmaktadır. Üçüncü aşamada ise ilk iki aşamadan daha karmaşık ve kullanıcıyı zorlayacak farklı tabanlı Güvenlik kodu (captcha)  sunulmaktadır. Bu yaklaşım ile kullanıcı ile bot ayırımı daha kolay yapılabilmekte ve oluşturulan Güvenlik kodu (captcha)  birleşim çeşitliliği ile bot programlarının algoritmasına meydan okunabilmektedir. 


Author(s):  
Wang Qun ◽  
Yang Haibin ◽  
Zhou Ji ◽  
Yu Jun

Abstract In part I, the characteristics of mechanical system conceptual design, the main idea of of QUINT and how to realize the first-stage, second-stage and third-stage reasoning were discussed. The part II will continue to study the last two stages of QUINT strategy, and give an example.


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