scholarly journals Seed productivity and variability of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) clones of Finnish origin in seed orchard in the central part of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Ihor Neyko ◽  
Olena Kolchanova ◽  
Veronika Monarkh ◽  
Svitlana Poznyakova
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Seed Productivity ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
The Mean

AbstractGlobal climate change has mainly impacted the forest ecosystems in Europe. Today, it is not fully understood how these changes will affect the reproductive process of trees on seed orchards. The main aim of the study is to evaluate the growth, condition and reproductive function of Scots pine clones of Finnish origin after moving them to the southern direction of natural distribution area. Variability and seed productivity of 25-year-old clones of Scots pine of Finnish origin in the clonal seed orchard under climatic conditions of the central part of Ukraine (Vinnitsa region) was investigated. Grafted seedlings of Scots pine of Finnish origin were moved southward at a distance of over 1,500 km. Climatic conditions of Vinnytsia region, where the clones were displaced, differed by an increase in the mean and maximum temperatures by 3.3–3.6ºC, as well as an increase in the mean temperatures during the cold period and a rise in the minimum by 2.1–2.3ºC. The climate in the seed orchard location was characterized by the most significant increase in the mean temperatures in April and May (5.3–5.8ºC), which greatly influenced the intensity of the formation of microstrobili and macrostrobili. The ratio of precipitation to the amount of temperatures decreased more than twice. Analysis of the grafted trees’ vitality of Finnish origin and seed progeny of the local population, estimation of their intensity (height, diameter), state (category of the state) and reproductive processes (intensity of formation of microstrobili and cones) was carried out on the clonal seed orchard. In conditions of climate change, most of the clones of Finnish origin were characterized by a higher intensity of flowering compared to the local population. Some clones of Finnish origin (E80 and E729) dominated the local population by the seed yield. According to a comprehensive analysis of vitality, the intensity of growth and reproductive capacity, the best clones of Finnish origin were E80, E1883 and E2254. Low adaptive ability was noted in the clones E2312, K634 and K801. According to the research results, it was found that changes in climatic conditions did not significantly affect the vitality, development and condition of the clones. There was observed intensification of the formation of microstrobili and cones. Seed viability and quality of Scots pine of Finnish origin obtained on seed orchards located in the southern conditions requires further research.

scholarly journals Seed Germination Variation among Crop Years from a Pinus sylvestris Clonal Seed Orchard

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Melusi Rampart
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Germination Capacity ◽  
Seed Collection ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
The Mean

Maternal effects were assessed by germinating seeds sourced over multiple years from the same cloned mother trees, comparing germination capacity and rate between crop years. The relationships between climatic variables, seed characteristics and germination capacity were determined, and thermal time parameters were used to predict seed dormancy release and germination under the climatic conditions in the year after seed collection. There were significant differences in seed weight (P < 0.05), seed length and embryo occupancy (both P < 0.001) among crop years. Temperature during the seed development period explained 70% of the variation in seed weight and 63% of the variation in embryo occupancy. Germination capacity was significantly (P <0.001) different among crop years, among temperatures and among chilling durations, and thermal time requirements for germination increased from older (2007) to younger (2012) seeds. The mean base temperature without chilling was 7.1°C, while after chilling it was 4.6°C and 3.6°C for four and eight weeks chilling respectively. The mean thermal time to 50% germination without chilling was 135.1°Cd, while after chilling it was 118.3°Cd and 154.0°Cd for four and eight weeks chilling respectively. This experiment demonstrates that year-to-year differences in the environment experienced by mother trees during seed maturation can affect seed germination characteristics.

Field performance and early test results of offspring from two Norway spruce seed orchards containing clones transferred to warmer climates

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tore Skrøppa ◽  
Ketil Kohmann ◽  
Øystein Johnsen ◽  
Arne Steffenrem ◽  
Øyvind M. Edvardsen
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Low Altitude ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
Seed Crops

We present results from early tests and field trials of offspring from two Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seed orchards containing clones that have been transferred from high altitudes to sea level and from northern to southern latitudes. Seedlings from seeds produced in the low-altitude seed orchard developed frost hardiness later at the end of the growth season, flushed later in field trials, and grew taller than seedlings from seeds produced in natural stands. They had the lowest mortality rate and the lowest frequency of injuries in the field trials. Similar results were observed in seedlings from seeds produced in the southern seed orchard. We found no adverse effects of the changed growth rhythm. Seedlings from two seed crops in the southern orchard, produced in years with a warm and a cold summer, had different annual growth rhythms. The results are explained mainly by the effects of the climatic conditions during the reproductive phase. Seed crops from different years in the same seed orchard may produce seedlings that perform as if they were from different provenances. It is argued that the effects of the climatic conditions during seed production must contribute to the variation among provenances of Norway spruce.

scholarly journals Seasonal activity of Dermacentor reticulatus ticks in the era of progressive climate change in eastern Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Zając ◽  
Joanna Kulisz ◽  
Aneta Woźniak ◽  
Katarzyna Bartosik ◽  
Adil Khan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Dermacentor Reticulatus ◽  
Seasonal Activity ◽  
Saturation Deficit ◽  
Annual Basis ◽  
Questing Ticks ◽  
The Mean

AbstractDermacentor reticulatus ticks are one of the most important vectors and reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens in Europe. Changes in the abundance and range of this species have been observed in the last decade and these ticks are collected in areas previously considered tick-free. This may be influenced by progressive climate change. Eastern Poland is an area where the local population of D. reticulatus is one of the most numerous among those described so far. At the same time, the region is characterized by a significant increase in the mean air temperature in recent years (by 1.81 °C in 2020) and a decrease in the average number of days with snow cover (by 64 days in 2020) and in the number of days with frost (by 20 days in 2020) on an annual basis compared to the long-term average. The aim of our research was to investigate the rhythms of seasonal activity and the population size of D. reticulatus in the era of progressive climate change. To this end, questing ticks were collected in 2017–2020. Next, the weather conditions in the years of observation were analyzed and compared with multi-year data covering 30 years preceding the study. The research results show that, in eastern Poland, there is a stable population of D. reticulatus with the peak of activity in spring or autumn (up to a maximum of 359 individuals within 30 min of collection) depending on the year of observation. Ticks of this species may also be active in winter months. The activity of D. reticulatus is influenced by a saturation deficit.

scholarly journals Effects of intensified silviculture on timber production and its economic profitability in boreal Norway spruce and Scots pine stands under changing climatic conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 648-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Routa ◽  
A Kilpeläinen ◽  
V -P Ikonen ◽  
A Asikainen ◽  
A Venäläinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Timber Production ◽  
Management Regime ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Scots Pine Stands

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine how intensified silviculture affects timber production (sawlogs and pulpwood) and its economic profitability (net present value [NPV], with 2 per cent interest rate) based on forest ecosystem model simulations. The study was conducted on Norway spruce and Scots pine stands located on medium-fertile upland forest sites under middle boreal conditions in Finland, under current climate and minor climate change (the RCP2.6 forcing scenario). In intensified silviculture, improved regeneration materials were used, with 10–20 per cent higher growth than the unimproved materials, and/or nitrogen (N) fertilization of 150 kg ha−1, once or twice during a rotation of 50–70 years. Compared to the baseline management regime, the use of improved seedlings, alone or together with N fertilization, increased timber production by up to 26–28 per cent and the NPV by up to 32–60 per cent over rotation lengths of 60–70 years, regardless of tree species (although more in spruce) or climate applied. The use of improved seedlings affected timber yield and NPV more than N fertilization. Minor climate change also increased these outcomes in Scots pine, but not in Norway spruce.

scholarly journals Phenology, dichogamy, and floral synchronization in a northern red oak (Quercus rubra) seed orchard

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 629-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa W. Alexander ◽  
Keith E. Woeste
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Spring Phenology ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Female Flowers

We developed a novel scoring system to assess spring phenology in a northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) clonal seed orchard. The system was used to score from 304 to 364 ramets for three reproductive seasons and to place clones into early, intermediate, and late phenology classes. Although the absolute number of clones in each phenological class changed from year to year, the overall order of clonal flowering was highly stable (rs = 0.67, p < 0.001). Early-flowering clones flowered significantly longer than later flowering clones in all 3 years. Dichogamy was present in the orchard, with male flowers of a clone emerging from 1.4 to 3.0 d sooner than its female flowers. Mean dichogamy values for individual clones ranged from 0.0 to 4.9 (± 1.3) d. Year strongly influenced a clone’s dichogamy value (F = 6.0, p = 0.004), whereas genotype had no influence. The mean overall phenological synchronicity for the 3 years of observations was 0.30 ± 0.01 or about 30% overlap between the time when females were receptive and males were shedding pollen. This study represents the first effort to quantify phenology in an artificial population of northern red oak, and it provides a snapshot of the current relationship between temperature, phenology, and floral synchronization.

scholarly journals Reconstruction of the Historical (1750–2020) Mass Balance of Bordu, Kara-Batkak and Sary-Tor Glaciers in the Inner Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lander Van Tricht ◽  
Chloë Marie Paice ◽  
Oleg Rybak ◽  
Rysbek Satylkanov ◽  
Victor Popovnin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Tien Shan ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Mass Balances ◽  
Specific Mass ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Mean

The mean specific mass balance of a glacier represents the direct link between a glacier and the local climate. Hence, it is intensively monitored throughout the world. In the Kyrgyz Tien Shan, glaciers are of crucial importance with regard to water supply for the surrounding areas. It is therefore essential to know how these glaciers behave due to climate change and how they will evolve in the future. In the Soviet era, multiple glaciological monitoring programs were initiated but these were abandoned in the nineties. Recently, they have been re-established on several glaciers. In this study, a reconstruction of the mean specific mass balance of Bordu, Kara-Batkak and Sary-Tor glaciers is obtained using a surface energy mass balance model. The model is driven by temperature and precipitation data acquired by combining multiple datasets from meteorological stations in the vicinity of the glaciers and tree rings in the Kyrgyz Tien Shan between 1750 and 2020. Multi-annual mass balance measurements integrated over elevation bands of 100 m between 2013 and 2020 are used for calibration. A comparison with WGMS data for the second half of the 20th century is performed for Kara-Batkak glacier. The cumulative mass balances are also compared with geodetic mass balances reconstructed for different time periods. Generally, we find a close agreement, indicating a high confidence in the created mass balance series. The last 20 years show a negative mean specific mass balance except for 2008–2009 when a slightly positive mass balance was found. This indicates that the glaciers are currently in imbalance with the present climatic conditions in the area. For the reconstruction back to 1750, this study specifically highlights that it is essential to adapt the glacier geometry since the end of the Little Ice Age in order to not over- or underestimate the mean specific mass balance. The datasets created can be used to get a better insight into how climate change affects glaciers in the Inner Tien Shan and to model the future evolution of these glaciers as well as other glaciers in the region.

scholarly journals Are we narrowing genetic variability in seed orchards? An attempt to answer, based on the analysis of microsatellite DNA of grafts growing in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seed orchard in the Forest District Susz

2015 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-249
Author(s):  
Paweł Przybylski
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Microsatellite Dna ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Dna Fragments ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Forest District

Abstract Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is the most common species in Poland’s forest stands. The mode of pine stands renovation requires that silviculture practitioners have continuous access to seed banks. Orchard-grown seeds are predicted to constitute an increasingly larger part of the average demand for pine seeds in Poland. Seed orchards, due to a limited number of maternal trees as well as the irregularity of their blooming and pollination, enhance the risk of genetic diversity reduction in planted forest stands. This is of particular importance in the context of dynamic climate change. Markers based on microsatellite DNA fragments are effective tools for monitoring genetic variability. In the present study, three different microsatellite DNA fragments were used: SPAC 12.5, SPAG 7.14 and SPAC 11.4. The main objective of this research was to study genetic variability in one of the biggest seed orchards in Poland, located in the Forest District Susz. The obtained results indicated heterozygosity loss within the orchard, proving the existence of specimen selection effects on genetic variability. Hence, it seems quite important to take account of molecular genetic variability of maternal trees in future breeding strategies.

scholarly journals Water consumption and irrigation regime of seed alfalfa under the conditions of regional climate change in the southern Steppe of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
pp. 52-66
Author(s):  
S. P. Holoborodko ◽  
O. M. Dymov
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Regional Climate Change ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Seed Productivity ◽  
Chestnut Soils

The article presents the results of scientific research to specify the seed productivity of alfalfa grown on irrigated and rainfed lands of the southern Steppe of Ukraine. It is proved that obtaining stably high yields of conditioned alfalfa seeds under the conditions of regional climate change is possible only providing an optimal supply of productive moisture in the soil, since in recent years the crop has been grown under high temperature conditions and insufficient precipitation. It was established that irrigation of seed alfalfa throughout the growing season regardless of cultivar and mowing, should be conducted in two interphase periods: "the beginning of regrowth (shoots) – early budding" and "the beginning of budding – beginning of flowering". In the first interphase period, it is necessary to create conditions for optimal growth and development of plants that is achieved by maintaining the level of pre-irrigation humidity in 0-100 cm layer in the range of 70-75% MMHC on dark chestnut soils and 55-60% – on sandy loam chernozems. In the second interphase period, it is necessary to provide optimal conditions for the development of production processes and the formation of conditioned seed yields that is achieved by inhibiting growth processes, since alfalfa tends to grow up. Therefore, the level of pre-irrigation humidity of the calculated layer on medium and heavy loamy soils should be maintained within 60-65% MMHC and 45-50% MMHC – on sandy loam chernozems. The analysis of changes in natural and climatic conditions carried out over the past years shows that in the subzone of the southern Steppe, alfalfa cultivation for seeds is possible only by providing the developed irrigated agriculture. Getting the deficit of natural moisture solved, combined with high availability of heat resources and fertile dark‑chestnut soils and southern chernozems, is an objective natural prerequisite for further growth of seed productivity of alfalfa and reducing its dependence on extreme weather conditions and, above all, in medium‑dry (75%) and dry (95%) precipitation years.

The importance of being the first pollen in the strobili of Scots pine

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 2976-2980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saila Varis ◽  
Arja Santanen ◽  
Anne Pakkanen ◽  
Pertti Pulkkinen
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Pollen Grain ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Pollination Experiments ◽  
Seed Crop ◽  
Pollen Types ◽  
Pine Pollen

Timing of pollen arrival may affect the level of seeds fertilized by pollen from outside seed orchards, especially in seed orchards of Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) established in southern Finland with stock from northern populations. We performed sequential pollination experiments with Scots pine pollen collected from seed orchard clones originating from southern and northern Finland and recipient strobili in clones originating from southern Finland. When southern pollen was introduced first, seeds were sired equally by northern and southern genotypes. When northern pollen was introduced first, northern genotypes were found in 75% of the resulting seeds. When both pollen types were introduced at the same time, the resulting seed crop was split almost equally between northern and southern genotypes. These results do not unconditionally support the idea that the first pollen grain in the pollen chamber always fertilizes the ovum; instead, they suggest a more complex way of competition between pollen grains.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document