Yield, quality, antioxidants and elemental composition of peanut as affected by plant density and harvest time

With the perspective of reintroducing peanut cultivation in southern Italy about six decades after its dismissal, research was carried out with the aim to identify the best performing farming management in terms of yield and quality. In this respect, the effect of the factorial combination between four plant densities (6.1, 7.8, 10.3, and 12.1 plants m-2) and two harvest times (100 and 110 days after planting) was assessed on pod and seed yield, as well as on seed quality, antioxidant activity, and elemental composition. The later harvest time determined a 26.9% dry weight increase, but a 14.3% decrease in the number of seeds per pod. Plant density significantly influenced all the yield and growth indices except for mean seed weight. Yield and growth of each plant were best affected by the lowest plant density, whereas the opposite trend was recorded for the same parameters referred to the surface area unit. The density of 12.1 plants m-2 resulted in a 32% reduction in pods per plant compared to 6.1 plants m-2, but had the greatest effect on seed production per m-2. The leaf area index was the highest with the density of 12.1 plants m-2. The total dry weight increased by 1.7-fold from 6.1 to 12.1 plants m-2. Compared to the first harvest time, in the second one the protein content decreased by 6.8%, and total polyphenols and antioxidant activity decreased by 11.2% and 7.6%, respectively. The second harvest time led to a depletion of N, P, and Mg, by 6.8%, 6.2%, and 6.8%, respectively, and a 7.1% Ca increase. The reintroduction of peanut cultivation in southern Italy is a realistic goal, though further studies regarding the crop system management are needed.

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Effect of plant density on the winter production of annual clovers grown in monocultures

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea01003 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 135 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

P. M. Evans ◽

S. Walton ◽

P. A. Riffkin ◽

G. A. Kearney

Keyword(s):

Plant Density ◽

Unit Area ◽

Subterranean Clover ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Equal Weight ◽

Harvest Time ◽

Higher Plant ◽

Plant Weight ◽

Plant Densities ◽

Western Victoria

The small-seeded annual clovers, balansa and Persian, are often assumed to be poor winter producers. Their small seed size, of about 1 mg or less, and poor regeneration, possibly due to inappropriate grazing management in many instances, contributes to this perception. To test the hypothesis that early growth of these clovers is determined by the weight of germinating seed, as it is in subterranean clover, an experiment with 2 cultivars of subterranean clover, Leura and Trikkala, 2 cultivars of balansa clover, Paradana and Bolta, and 1 of Persian clover, Nitro Plus, was established in the field at Hamilton, western Victoria, at 6 sowing densities. The winter production at 2 additional sites, Lake Bolac and Streatham, in their third and second and third seasons, respectively, was also examined. Plant density varied from 30 to 37000 plants/m2 across sites and species. With equal weight of germinating seed per unit area at sowing, balansa and Persian clovers produced more herbage in winter than did the 2 subterranean clover cultivars Leura and Trikkala (P<0.05). Even though there was high correlation between seed weight and seedling weight across all species shortly after emergence (r2 = 0.99), by harvest time no differences in plant weight existed between any treatments growing at the same plant density. From this we conclude the following: (i) for the same weight of germinable seed per unit area, balansa and Persian clovers produced more dry weight per hectare than subterranean clover, because they had higher plant densities; (ii) there were no differences in dry matter production per hectare between species growing at similar plant densities by harvest time at the end of winter; (iii) it appeared that in winter the small-seeded species exhibited a higher relative growth rate than the 2 subterranean clovers.

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Assessment of sowing dates and plant densities using CSM-CROPGRO-Soybean for soybean maturity groups in low latitude

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859621000204 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

L. S. Sampaio ◽

R. Battisti ◽

M. A. Lana ◽

K. J. Boote

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Plant Density ◽

Crop Model ◽

Management Scenarios ◽

Low Latitude ◽

Area Index ◽

Sowing Dates ◽

Plant Densities ◽

Maturity Groups

Abstract Crop models can be used to explain yield variations associated with management practices, environment and genotype. This study aimed to assess the effect of plant densities using CSM-CROPGRO-Soybean for low latitudes. The crop model was calibrated and evaluated using data from field experiments, including plant densities (10, 20, 30 and 40 plants per m2), maturity groups (MG 7.7 and 8.8) and sowing dates (calibration: 06 Jan., 19 Jan., 16 Feb. 2018; and evaluation: 19 Jan. 2019). The model simulated phenology with a bias lower than 2 days for calibration and 7 days for evaluation. Relative root mean square error for the maximum leaf area index varied from 12.2 to 31.3%; while that for grain yield varied between 3 and 32%. The calibrated model was used to simulate different management scenarios across six sites located in the low latitude, considering 33 growing seasons. Simulations showed a higher yield for 40 pl per m2, as expected, but with greater yield gain increments occurring at low plant density going from 10 to 20 pl per m2. In Santarém, Brazil, MG 8.8 sown on 21 Feb. had a median yield of 2658, 3197, 3442 and 3583 kg/ha, respectively, for 10, 20, 30 and 40 pl per m2, resulting in a relative increase of 20, 8 and 4% for each additional 10 pl per m2. Overall, the crop model had adequate performance, indicating a minimum recommended plant density of 20 pl per m2, while sowing dates and maturity groups showed different yield level and pattern across sites in function of the local climate.

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Effect of sowing density and nitrogen top-dress fertilisation on growth and yield of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) in a Mediterranean environment: first results

Italian Journal of Agronomy ◽

10.4081/ija.2015.640 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 163 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Rocco Bochicchio ◽

Roberta Rossi ◽

Rosanna Labella ◽

Giovanni Bitella ◽

Michele Perniola ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Southern Italy ◽

Plant Density ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Leaf Production ◽

Salvia Hispanica ◽

Area Index ◽

First Results ◽

Salvia Hispanica L ◽

Set Up

The demand for sources of nutraceuticals has led to the rediscovery and diffusion of traditional crops such as chia (Salvia hispanica L.), whose leaves and fruits are rich in W3 fatty acids and anti-oxidants. Chia originates in Central America but it is rapidly expanding to new areas. A field experiment conducted at Atella in Basilicata (Southern Italy) was set up to test the response of chia to N top-dress fertilisation (0 and 20 kg ha–1) and to sowing density (D1=125, D2=25, D3=8 and D4=4 plants m–2) in a split-plot design with three replications. First results show maximum leaf area index values up to 7.1 and fresh vegetative biomass production at early flowering ranging between 50.87 (D4) and 59.71 (D1) t ha–1. Yield increased with plant density: a significantly (P<0.01) higher production (398 kg ha–1) was reached in D1. N top-dressing had a detrimental effect on yield and corresponded to higher lodging and lower maturation percentage of seeds, though non-significant. Based on our first results it seems worthwhile to continue agronomical trials for chia in herbaceous systems of southern Italy for leaf production based on traditional genotypes, while fruit production might be pursued by adopting high sowing density and the search for longer-day genotypes.

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Effect of plant density and seed position on mother plant on physiological characteristic of cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) seeds

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582014000100007 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 61-68

Author(s):

A. Foroughi ◽

J. Gherekhloo ◽

F. Ghaderi-Far

Keyword(s):

Seed Quality ◽

Plant Density ◽

Physiological Characteristic ◽

Mother Plant ◽

Xanthium Strumarium ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Seed Position ◽

Plant Densities ◽

Shade Environment ◽

Cardinal Temperatures

Experiments were conducted in 2010 to determine the influence of plant density and seed position on the mother plant on seed physiological characteristics of cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium). Cocklebur burs were collected in fall of 2010 from Research Farm of University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources of Gorgan, Iran. The experiment was established as factorial arrangement using a completely randomized design with three replications. The factors included different densities of cocklebur (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 plant m-2) and the top and bottom parts of the canopy. Non dormant seeds were used for determining cardinal temperatures and tolerance to salinity and drought stresses. Base, optimum and ceiling germination temperatures were estimated between 7.09 to 12.33, 32 to 35 and 44 to 45 respectively in different treatments. Salinity stress up to 300 Mm and osmotic potential 8 bar inhibited the germination completely. Comparison of base temperatures and sigmoid equation coefficients showed that seeds produced in the top had higher germination than those that produced at the bottom of the mother plant. It seems plant densities through seed position on the mother plant affect seed quality. Likewise changes of light quality and quantity in shade environment increased seed dormancy in matured seeds. Shade environment affect seed germination on mother plant that increased dormancy of seeds maturing under shade be an adaptive response that reduces the probability of germination of offspring under unfavorable (shade, competitive) conditions.

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Interspecific and Intraspecific Interference of Broadleaf Signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) in Rice (Oryza sativa)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500075457 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 36 (5) ◽

pp. 589-593 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

John T. McGregor ◽

Roy J. Smith ◽

Ronald E. Talbert

Keyword(s):

Oryza Sativa ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Rice Yield ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Quadratic Equation ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Area Index ◽

Rough Rice ◽

Plant Densities ◽

Brachiaria Platyphylla

Field experiments were conducted in 1984 and 1985 at Stuttgart, AR, to investigate the interspecific and intraspecific interference of broadleaf signalgrass densities of 0, 10, 50, 100, and 150 plants/m2with rice. In 1984, significant reductions in rice leaf area index (LAI) occurred 6 weeks after emergence with all broadleaf signalgrass densities. The first reduction in LAI occurred 8 weeks after emergence at the density of 150 plants/m2in 1985. Densities of 50 plants/m2or greater reduced rice dry weight 6 weeks after emergence in 1984, and the highest density of 150 plants/m2reduced rice dry weight 12 weeks after emergence in 1985. Height of rice was reduced by densities of 100 and 150 plants/m2. Linear regression equations indicated that each broadleaf signalgrass plant/m2reduced rough rice yield 18 kg/ha both years. Growth of broadleaf signalgrass was reduced by interspecific and intraspecific interference. The dry weight of broadleaf signalgrass increased at a decreasing rate at plant densities of 100 to 150/m2when grown alone in 1984 and 1985, when a quadratic equation best described the response. Regression equations indicated interspecific interference from rice reduced broadleaf signalgrass dry weight an average of 48 and 81% in 1984 and 1985, respectively. The height of broadleaf signalgrass was greater when grown with rice than when grown alone.

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EFFECT OF ROW SPACING AND SEEDING RATES ON SUMMER RAPE IN SOUTHERN MANITOBA

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps90-015 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 127-137 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

M. J. MORRISON ◽

P. B. E. McVETTY ◽

R. SCARTH

Keyword(s):

Brassica Napus ◽

Seed Quality ◽

Plant Density ◽

Chlorophyll Concentration ◽

Plant Distribution ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Seeding Rate ◽

Brassica Napus L ◽

Plant Densities ◽

Lower Plant

To determine the effects of varying plant densities on summer rape (Brassica napus L.), the cultivar Westar was seeded in 15- and 30-cm row spacings at seeding rates of 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, and 12.0 kg ha−1. Plants seeded in 15-cm rows yielded more per area, produced more pods per plant and lodged less than those in 30-cm rows. Higher yields were associated with a more even plant distribution and a lower degree of intra-row competition. There were no significant protein, oil and chlorophyll concentration differences between the row spacing treatments. The highest yields (kg ha−1) were achieved with the 1.5 and 3.0 kg ha−1 seeding rates. Summer rape compensated for lower plant densities with the production of more branch racemes. As seeding rate increased, competitive mortality increased, resulting in greater etiolation at bolting, and greater lodging at harvest. Seed oil and protein concentrations were not affected by seeding rate. However, seed chlorophyll concentration decreased with increased seeding rate.Key words: Brassica napus, plant density, seed quality, rape (summer)

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EFFECT OF SPRAYING WITH DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION OF LICORICE EXTRACT AND PLANT DENSITIES IN GROWTH AND YIELD OF SORGHUM BICOLOR L.

IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ◽

10.36103/ijas.v50i6.835 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 50 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Al-Mohmadi & Al-Ani

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Plant Density ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Spring Season ◽

Area Index ◽

Fall Season ◽

High Plant Density ◽

Plant Densities

A field experiment was condueted at the experimental Farm, College of Agriculture University of AL-Anbar in replace location (Abu-Gheaib) in spring season of 2017. While in Fall season it was applied at AL-saqluwiya-Anbar Province 10 km west north of Falluga city to study the effect of four levels of licorice extractor (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) (0,2,4 and 6) g.L-1 water and three (53,333, 66,666 and 88,888 plant) plant.ha-1. On growth and grain yield of Sorghum cv. Rabih. The experiment was applied using R.C.B.D. arranged in split plots with three replications. levels of plant densities were used as main-plot, while licorice extractor were used as sub-plot. Foliar application of licorice extractor was applied during vegetative growth. The results showed that, high plant density (88888) plant.h-1 significantly increase plant height and leaf area index, while most of traits were not significantly influenced by plant density including grain yield. Results revealed that foliar application of licorice extractor with 2,4,6 g.L-1 of water significantly influenced grain yield in spring season compane with control treatment and it is amounted to (9.62, 9.55 and 9.78) t.h-1 respectively. There were significant interaction between Licorice extractor and plant density in spring and fall season in grain yield. The higher grain yield of 10.31 and 10.33 t.h-1 were obtained when sorghum plants were sowing at hight density and sprayed with Licorice extractor at level 4 g.L-1 respectively

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Plant Size Influences Bell Pepper Seed Quality and Yield

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.28.8.809 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 28 (8) ◽

pp. 809-811 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Victor M. Sanchez ◽

F.J. Sundstrom ◽

N. Suzanne Lang

Keyword(s):

Seed Quality ◽

Plant Density ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Plant Size ◽

Bell Pepper ◽

Pepper Plant ◽

Plant Spacing ◽

Fruit Thinning ◽

Plant Densities

This study investigated the influence of plant size, as determined by plant density, and fruit load variation on the production and quality of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seeds. Six-week-old `Resistant Giant no. 4' bell pepper seedlings were transplanted 15, 30, 45, and 60 cm apart. Plants spaced 45 cm apart were not thinned or were thinned to one or three fruit per plant. Pepper plants grown at low plant densities produced larger fruit and seeds that germinated faster and at higher percentages than plants grown at higher densities. Assimilate export rate (AER) increased linearly with plant spacing. At harvest, C exchange rate (CER) and AER of plants with nonthinned fruit loads were ≈ 300% and 500% higher, respectively, than those of plants with one or three fruit. Fruit thinning decreased CER and AER; however, seeds produced by plants with one or three fruit had significantly higher germination percentages than plants with full fruit loads. These observations suggest that the high CERS of smaller plants with nonthinned fruit loads may have been insufficient to compensate completely for the higher sink demands. Therefore, crop cultural practices that increase the ratio of pepper plant size to total fruit count may increase the quality of seeds produced by those plants.

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Comparison of Growth Indices of Nigella sativa L. under Different Plant Densities and Fertilization

Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture ◽

10.9755/ejfa.2019.v31.i4.1934 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 231

Author(s):

Ioannis Roussis, Ioanna Kakabouki, Dimitrios Bilalis

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Plant Density ◽

Nigella Sativa ◽

Crop Growth ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Growth Indices ◽

Area Index ◽

High Plant Density ◽

Plant Densities

Agronomic practices such as plant density and fertilizer management are referred to comprise crop environment, which influences plant growth, productivity, and ultimately the yield. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the influence of plant density and fertilization on the growth and growth indices of Nigella sativa crop and to determine the association between yield and growth characteristics at both the single plant and crop stand level. The 2-year experiment was laid out in a split-plot design, with three replications, two main plots (200 and 300 plants m-2) and four sub-plots (fertilization treatments: control, compost, farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizer). The highest absolute growth rate (AGR) (0.0321 g day-1) and relative growth rate (RGR) (0.0714 g g-1 day-1) values were recorded when plants subjected to low-density and inorganic fertilization, while the highest crop growth rate (CGR) (8.0342 g m-2 day-1) was obtained under high-plant density and inorganic fertilization. Concerning specific leaf area (SLA), the highest value (196.28 cm2 g-1) was found in inorganic fertilized treatment. Leaf area index (LAI), Leaf area duration (LAD) and Biomass duration (BMD) were positively affected by both plant density and fertilization with the greatest values observed under high-density and fertilization. In conclusion, plant densities higher than 200 plants m-2 lead to higher crop growth, but lower growth of individual plants and decreased seed yield, while the application of inorganic fertilizers increases crop growth and yield as these fertilizers contain higher levels of nitrogen with high solubility and therefore quick availability for the crop than the organic fertilizers.

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The Influence of Organic Fertilization and Different Plant Densities on Physiological Traits and Production of Nopal (Opuntia spp.) under Plastic Tunnels

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.32.3.539c ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 539C-539

Author(s):

B. Murillo-Amador ◽

E. Troyo-Dieguez ◽

F. orrego-Escalante

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

Crop Growth ◽

Low Fertility ◽

Physiological Traits ◽

Annual Rainfall ◽

Organic Fertilization ◽

Area Index ◽

Growth Ratio ◽

Study Region ◽

Plant Densities

The response of physiological traits of four genotypes of Opuntia spp (AN-V1, AN-V3, AN-V5, and AN-TV6) to organic fertilization with two levels of thickness and different plant densities (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 plants/m2) under plastic tunnels were studied in the Universidad Autnoma Agraria “Antonio Narro” in 1995 and analyzed at CIBNOR, La Paz, Mexico. The main goal of this work was to screen Opuntia genotypes for yield and photosynthetical efficiency. The experiment was established as a randomized blocks design with three replicates. Response variables were dry weight (DW), crop growth ratio (CGR), rate of crop growth (RCG), relative growth rate (RGR), leaf area index (LAI), and net assimilation rate. The annual average temperature in the study site was 19.8°C. Hottest months were July and August, with temperature values as high as 39°C. The lowest temperatures were recorded in December and January, with temperatures as low as –13°C. Annual rainfall was 365 mm. Soils in the study region show a generalized low fertility. According to our results, genotype AN-V1 showed the best photosynthetical features with 30 plants/m2; genotype AN-TV6 showed no differences for 40 and 50 plants/m2. The highest values for CGR and RCG were observed under the highest level of organic fertilization (16-cm thickness). Genotypes AN-V3 and AN-V5 evidenced the highest RCG. Other results suggest that AN-V3 and AN-V5 showed the highest value for LAI, for a density 50 plants/m2, and genotypes AN-V1 and AN-V3, with a density 40 plants/m2, had the highest RGR. The studied Opuntia genotypes appeared to be promising crops for marginal semiarid regions.

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