Bullshit in Science? – On Epistemic Norms, Credibility and the Role of Science in Society

2021 ◽  
pp. 217-231
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Norms ◽  
Science In Society

Improving the questions we ask, with Psychology and Cognitive Conflict.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett Buttliere
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Cognitive Conflict ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Science In Society

Over the last decade, there have been many suggestions to improve how scientists answer their questions, but far fewer attempt to improve the questions scientists are asking in the first place. The goal of the paper is then to examine and summarize synthesize the evidence on how to ask the best questions possible. First is a brief review of the philosophical and empirical literature on how the best science is done, which implicitly but not explicitly mentions the role of psychology and especially cognitive conflict. Then we more closely focus on the psychology of the scientist, finding that they are humans, engaged in a meaning making process, and that cognitive conflict is a necessary input for any learning or change in the system. The scientific method is, of course, a specialized meaning making process. We present evidence for this central role of cognitive conflict in science by examining the most discussed scientific papers between 2013 and 2017, which are, in general, controversial and about big problems (e.g., whether vaccines cause autism, how often doctors kill us with their mistakes). Toward the end we discuss the role of science in society, suggesting science itself is an uncertainty reducing and problem solving enterprise. From this basis we encourage scientists to take riskier stances on bigger topics, for the good of themselves and society generally.

scholarly journals IN THE TRAJECTORY OF ECONOMIC REFORMS: SCIENCE AND SCIENCE POLICY IN THE YEARS OF THE “KHRUSHCHEV’S DECADE”

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 135-144
Author(s):  
Evgeny G. Vodichev ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
General Line ◽  
The Status ◽  
Post War ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Technical Complex ◽  
Science In Society ◽  
Post Industrial

The paper is devoted to the problems of the USSR scientific and technology (S&T) policy during the “Khrushchev’s decade”, presented as part of the macroeconomic policy. The analysis is carried out in the context of economic reforms and experiments implemented in the country. The main components of S&T policy are revealed, the evolution of its structure and content in comparison with the first post-war decade is shown. In the analysis of S&T policy, the main attention is paid to the reflection of the status of science as a driver of economic development in the context of global challenges and the formation of new techno-economic paradigms. The emphasis on the applied function of research and development (R&D) proclaimed in the framework of S&T policy is presented as a reflection of the traditional for the USSR interpretations of the place and role of science in society under new conditions of scientific and technological revolution as a Soviet counter-thesis to the concepts of post-industrial society. The connection of decision-making mechanisms in the field of S&T policy with general line of Khrushchev’s populism, and the emerging practice of “bureaucratic bargaining” is outlined. The basic trends of approaches to planning in science and coordination in the field of R&D are identified, the directions of organisational restructuring in the governing of the scientific and technical complex are shown. It is concluded that S&T policy in the mid-1950s — 1960s remained a function of economic policy, that a unified S&T policy in the country under N. S. Khrushchev had not been formed. At the same time, the return on innovation remained at a low level.

Anniversary Dinner 1974: Speech by Sir Thomas Brimelow at the Anniversary Dinner, The Dorchester, 30 November 1974

1975 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Classical Scholar ◽  
Science In Society ◽  
English I

An invitation from the President of the Royal Society to speak at one of these Dinners gives pleasure and confers honour; but it also disconcerts, for the Society, by its motto of Nullius in verba , gives notice that the President and the Fellows and the Foreign Members, some of whom are present tonight, do not intend to take on trust anything that the speaker may say: which, if it were so, would be a pity, because I shall have occasion to express the gratitude and appreciation of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office for what the Society does in the field of its foreign relations and I should wish my words to be believed. Digressing for a moment, I am going to take advantage of this phrase Nullius in verba because a former President of the Royal Society, who was also a very distinguished classical scholar, once said that all bureaucrats of all countries should be required to speak in Esperanto; but this evening I propose to speak English. I am told by a former Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society that this motto means nothing more than ‘check the evidence’. It must be admitted that by checking the evidence and by testing the validity of propositions in the field of natural philosophy in the 314 years which have elapsed since the Society was founded, science has come a long way; to the benefit, on balance, of the greater part of mankind. Yet, at the beginning of this century, I think the Royal Society was over-optimistic about the role of science in society.

scholarly journals Frankenstein de Mary Shelley, o Filme: Um recurso para introdução da História da Ciência no Ensino de Ciências na visão de graduandos

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
André Silva dos Reis ◽  
Maria Dulcimar de Brito Silva
Keyword(s):  
Science Teaching ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Mary Shelley ◽  
Visual Media ◽  
Visual Impression ◽  
Teaching Resource ◽  
History Of ◽  
Science In Society

ResumoEste estudo visa analisar o filme Frankenstein de Mary Shelley a partir da visão de graduandos, para que o mesmo venha a ser empregado como recurso midiático para uma abordagem introdutória da História da Ciência no ensino. Para tanto, oito monitores de Química do Centro de Ciências e Planetário, graduandos de licenciatura em Química, assistiram ao filme, em seguida, realizaram uma sinopse e, posteriormente, e responderam a um questionário. As respostas apontaram que o filme consegue transpor a ideia do que era ser um cientista e como a Ciência se desenvolvia. Pontuam também vários temas que podem ser levantados pelos professores relacionados ao papel da ciência na sociedade. Isso mostra como mídias visuais são recursos dinâmicos para uma abordagem introdutória, visto que, além de narrar os fatos, fica gravado na mente dos alunos a impressão visual de como a ciência foi desenvolvida ao longo dos séculos. Palavras-chave: História da Ciência; Ensino de Ciências; Recurso didático.AbstractThis study aims to analyze the film Frankenstein from undergraduate vision, so that it will be used as a media resource for an introductory approach to the History of Science in teaching. Therefore, eight trainees of Chemical Sciences and Planetary Center, undergraduate students in chemistry, watched the film, and then held a synopsis and then answered a questionnaire. The answers showed that the film manages to transpose the idea of what was to be a scientist and a science developed. Also punctuate several issues that can be raised by teachers related to the role of science in society. This shows how visual media are dynamic resources for an introductory approach view that in addition to narrating the facts is engraved in the minds of students the visual impression of how science has developed over the centuries.Keywords: History of Science; Science Teaching; Teaching resource.

scholarly journals The Necessity Of Educating An Enlightened Generation Through The Transformation Of Scientific And Religious Values

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (10) ◽  
pp. 333-338
Author(s):  
Qambarov Abdumutal Axadjonovich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Education System ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Religious Values ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Science In Society

The article analyzes the views on the development of scientific and practical knowledge on the creation of an environment of freedom and competition in the education system in order to show the value of science in society and the role of scientific values in social development.

Editing Faraday

2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. J. L. James
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Especial Reference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Science In Society

This article considers the role of publishing the correspondence and papers of individual scientists, especially Michael Faraday's, in the history of science. In turn, the issue of how the history of science fits into general history is discussed with especial reference to the centrality of science in modern society and culture, through education and textbook histories, but is currently generally unrecognized as such. The demonstration of its centrality through modern history of science should foster a much stronger understanding of the position of science in society.

scholarly journals Monitoring Technoscientific Issues in the News

2020 ◽  
pp. 536-553
Author(s):  
Alberto Cammozzo ◽  
Emanuele Di Buccio ◽  
Federico Neresini
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Information Retrieval ◽  
Science And Technology Studies ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Public Communication ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Computer Scientists ◽  
Science In Society

AbstractResearch at the intersection between Science and Technology Studies (STS) and Public Communication of Science and Technology (PCST) investigates the role of science in society and how it is publicly perceived. An increasing attention has been paid to coverage of Science and Technology (S&T) issues in newspapers. Because of the availability of a huge amount of digitized news contents, the variety of the issues and their dynamic nature, new opportunities are offered to carry out STS and PCST investigations. The main contribution of this paper is a methodology and a system called TIPS that was co-shaped by sociologists and computer scientists in order to monitor the coverage of S&T issues in the news and to study how they are represented. The methodology relies on machine learning, information retrieval and data analytics approaches which aim at supporting expert users, e.g. sociologists, in the investigation of their research hypotheses.

Transformation Of Scientific And Religious Values The Necessity Of Educating An Enlightened Generation Through

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 176-181
Author(s):  
Qambarov Abdumutal Axadjonovich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Education System ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Religious Values ◽  
Science In Society

The article elaborates on the fact that the upbringing of an enlightened generation through the transformation of scientific and religious values is one of the most pressing issues today. At the same time, the need to create an environment of freedom and competition in the education system is analyzed in order to show the value of science in society and the role of scientific values in social development. It also shows the factors that determine the basic structure of spiritual, moral and axiological values necessary for the upbringing of an enlightened generation.

scholarly journals Konference o společenské odpovědnosti vědy a vysokých škol

Envigogika ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Dlouhá
Keyword(s):  
Science In Society

The new role of science in society was discussed at the COPERNICUS Alliance conference Sustainability Transformations of Science Systems, held in Vienna, on September 14–15th, 2016. These debates were intense as transformations of science systems will affect the roles and functioning of universities.

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