scholarly journals The Social Determinants of Cognitive Bias: The Effects of Low Capability on Decision Making in a Framing Experiment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Plante ◽  
Rim Lassoued ◽  
Peter W.B. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Loss Aversion ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Mind

According to leading sociological thinking, the mind is shaped by wider society. In this study, we administer a modified version of Tversky and Kahneman’s seminal framing experiment to a large and representative sample of Canadians. Our design allows us to explore which groups of people actually exhibit different cognitive biases. We find that the majority of people in our experiment do not exhibit loss aversion bias and that several people exhibit an opposite bias we call “turtling.” Turtlers prefer smaller certain options when choices are framed as losses and larger uncertain options when they are framed as gains. People that suffer low capability, measured by a person’s risk of experiencing low income based on their socio-demographic characteristics, are far more likely to turtle than others.

scholarly journals Cognitive biases and mindfulness

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Z. Maymin ◽  
Ellen J. Langer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Loss Aversion ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Mental Accounting ◽  
Endowment Effect ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Statistical Education ◽  
Psychological Training

AbstractIn a study testing whether mindfulness decreases cognitive biases, respondents answered 22 standard cognitive bias questions to measure susceptibility to the endowment effect, overconfidence, mental accounting, anchoring, loss aversion, and 17 other biases, as well as the 14 questions of the Langer mindfulness survey (LMS), measuring the traits of novelty-seeking, novelty producing, and engagement. A portion of the respondents were randomly pre-assigned to a condition that induced mindfulness. On 19 of the 22 biases, those induced to be mindful were less likely to show the bias. They also scored higher on 11 of the 14 LMS questions. The method by which we induced mindfulness was unrelated to the context of the later questions, involving image comparisons and standard Langerian instructions to notice three new things. People can boost their decision-making abilities merely by increasing their mindfulness, with no need for meditation, psychological training, or statistical education.

Cognitive Bias in Intelligence Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Whitesmith
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Intelligence Analysis ◽  
Experimental Setting ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
Underlying Causes

Belief, Bias and Intelligence outlines an approach for reducing the risk of cognitive biases impacting intelligence analysis that draws from experimental research in the social sciences. It critiques the reliance of Western intelligence agencies on the use of a method for intelligence analysis developed by the CIA in the 1990’s, the Analysis of Competing Hypotheses (ACH). The book shows that the theoretical basis of the ACH method is significantly flawed, and that there is no empirical basis for the use of ACH in mitigating cognitive biases. It puts ACH to the test in an experimental setting against two key cognitive biases with unique empirical research facilitated by UK’s Professional Heads of Intelligence Analysis unit at the Cabinet Office, includes meta-analysis into which analytical factors increase and reduce the risk of cognitive bias and recommends an alternative approach to risk mitigation for intelligence communities. Finally, it proposes alternative models for explaining the underlying causes of cognitive biases, challenging current leading theories in the social sciences.

Cognitive Bias and its Relationship to Decision Making: the Case of Talented Secondary Students in Jeddah: الانحياز المعرفي وعلاقته باتخاذ القرار لدى عينة من طالبات المرحلة الثانوية الموهوبات بمدينة جدة

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (45) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalal Hamid Al-Dhahri, Arwa Abdullah Al-Ghamdi, Mogeda El-Sa
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Secondary Students ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
School Administration ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Descriptive Method

This study aims at investigating the relationship between cognitive biases and decision making from a sample of gifted secondary students. It also aims at identifying the level of students’ cognitive biases and decision making and the differences in these two areas based on different classrooms. Random sampling was used to collect data from 139 female secondary students from the gifted group. Their age ranged between (16-18) with an average of (16.6), A descriptive method was adopted in the study. The research tools used consisted of DACOBS David Assessment of Cognitive biases Scale (Vander Gaag. et al., 2000), translated and standardized by the present researchers, and Tuistra’s decision making scale for teenagers (Tuinstra, et al., 2000). The findings of the study show a negative correlation between cognitive biases and decision making. Also, there were no differences between cognitive biases and decision making scores based on different classrooms. The study also shows a low level of students’ cognitive biases and a high level of decision making. The study recommends activating the role of mentors and students' counseling, planning for the values and behaviors that need to be acquired by students by including them in the annual goals of the school administration and participating in societal awareness and education.

scholarly journals COVID ‐19 policy measures—Advocating for the inclusion of the social determinants of health in modelling and decision making

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1078-1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Cristian Rangel ◽  
Sudit Ranade ◽  
Penny Sutcliffe ◽  
Eric Mykhalovskiy ◽  
Denise Gastaldo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Determinants Of Health ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Determinants Of Health ◽  
The Social ◽  
Policy Measures

scholarly journals Social Capital and Post-Secondary Decision-Making Alignment for Low-Income Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Rod Missaghian
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
School Personnel ◽  
Institutional Agents ◽  
Low Income Students ◽  
Application Process ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
The Social

How is post-secondary decision-making influenced by the types of social capital students access? This study draws from interviews with 30 students in a low-income neighbourhood to examine who they turn to for post-secondary advice during the application process. Interactions with different ties and their influence on decision-making alignment, misalignment or uncertainty are explored. I find that students who report relying more on bonding (family and friends) social capital over (bridging) ties with school personnel demonstrate more misalignment in decision-making. In contrast, those who rely more on ties with school personnel exhibit more decision-making alignment. Many students whose proposed choices demonstrated alignment also lacked overall ‘fit’ and had unrealistic aspirations, except for a select few who reported close and consistent relationships with institutional agents. These findings contribute to the social capital literature examining the potential of institutional agents to help low-income students circumvent social stratification processes.

scholarly journals The odd case when cognitive biases are more prevalent in researchers than in samples

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose D. Perezgonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Result Interpretation

Walmsley and Gilbey (2016) reported on the impact of cognitive biases on pilots’ decision-making, concluding that there was strong evidence that cognitive bias impacted decision making thus putting pilots' lives in danger. However, their methodology was not free of the same biases they set to research and, more importantly, they relied far too much on statistical significance as the only standard for result interpretation. Consequently, while the results obtained may have been technically correct, their divorce from the underlying methodological context made them factually wrong. Therefore, the conclusions achieved also misrepresented the true impact of cognitive biases on pilots' decision-making.

scholarly journals Measuring individual differences in cognitive biases: The Cognitive Bias Inventory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Berthet ◽  
Vincent de Gardelle
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Wrong Answer ◽  
Outcome Bias

This article described the behavioral measurement of six classic cognitive biases (framing, availability, anchoring, overconfidence, hindsight/outcome bias, confirmation bias). Each measure showed a satisfactory level of reliability with regard both to internal consistency (mean Cronbach’s alpha = .77) and temporal stability (mean test-retest correlation = .71). Multivariate analysis supported the hypothesis that each cognitive bias captures specific decision-making processes as the six biases: (a) were virtually uncorrelated (mean correlation = .08), thus indicating no general decision-making competence factor, (b) were moderately correlated with other relevant constructs (the A-DMC components, cognitive ability, decision-making styles, and personality factors), (c) were more related to performance on a narrow domain of decision-making (the ability to overcome an intuitive wrong answer as measured by the CRT) than to the general success in real-life decision-making as measured by the Decision Outcomes Inventory (DOI). We introduce this set of behavioral tasks as the Cognitive Bias Inventory (CBI), a psychometric tool allowing for the reliable assessment of individual differences in six common, independent cognitive shortcuts. The CBI appears as a useful tool for future research on decision-making competence and how it relates to decision errors.

scholarly journals Social determinants of health and well-being among municipal school children in Mumbai

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Yasmeen K. Kazi ◽  
Anita G. Shenoy ◽  
Gajanan D. Velhal ◽  
Suresh D. Mate ◽  
Sudam R. Suryawanshi
Keyword(s):  
Social Determinants ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Risk Behaviour ◽  
Perceived Health ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Preventive Action ◽  
School Students ◽  
The Social ◽  
Health And Well Being

Background: HBSC seeks to identify and explore the extent of the inequalities related to socioeconomic status (SES), age and gender among the younger age group, and highlight the need for preventive action. Hence, this study was carried out, to find out the social context as a determinant of their health and well-being. The objectives of the study were to study the socio-demographic characteristics of the students; to find the social determinants and its association with their perceived health outcomes.Methods: The study was carried out among 426 Municipal school students in Mumbai. They were enquired about their socio demographic characteristics, their personal habits and behaviour, relationship with their parents, siblings and friends, performance in school, academic pressures, and also about any health related complaints if they had. Results: The study shows less communication of students with their parents, more so with their fathers’. Students were seen to have more friends and would also spend more time with them, especially boys. Academic achievement was better among girls and those from less affluent families and it also showed a dip in the higher age groups. Regular consumption of breakfast, fruits, vegetables was seen less among girls and older students. Boys and those from less affluent families were seen to be more involved in high risk behaviour. Conclusions: All the factors mentioned in the study are shown to have adverse effects on the perceived health outcome of the students. These social factors need to be addressed to improve the health and well-being of the younger generations. 

scholarly journals Towards a quantum-like cognitive architecture for decision-making

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catarina Moreira ◽  
Lauren Fell ◽  
Shahram Dehdashti ◽  
Peter Bruza ◽  
Andreas Wichert
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Decision Models ◽  
Classical Models ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Computational Resources

Abstract We propose an alternative and unifying framework for decision-making that, by using quantum mechanics, provides more generalised cognitive and decision models with the ability to represent more information compared to classical models. This framework can accommodate and predict several cognitive biases reported in Lieder & Griffiths without heavy reliance on heuristics or on assumptions of the computational resources of the mind.

Cognitive Biases

2018 ◽  
pp. 214-235
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Legal Education ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Strategic Decisions

This chapter will describe some implications of using cognitive biases in the decision-making process in social areas such as economic, legal, education, and political. The cognitive bias would be a pattern of deviation in judgment, in which the inferences that we make about other people and/or situations can be illogical. Moreover, different studies have found that even strategic decisions that affect the society can be influenced by these biases. Therefore, it is important to be aware of them to try to detect and reduce them. Above all, it is necessary to teach how to detect them in order to reduce them in public professionals.

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