scholarly journals INTENSITY OF HYBRID THREATS TO NATIONAL ECONOMIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 33-47
Author(s):  
KALIUZHNA Nataliia
Keyword(s):  
National Economy ◽  
The State ◽  
Potential Danger ◽  
Interstate Conflicts ◽  
Hybrid Threats ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Real Danger

Background. In the context of growing tendencies to hybridize interstate conflicts, hybrid threats become especially important, which, in contrast to direct military threats, are difficult to identify and have their own logic of emergence and escalation. The hidden nature of hybrid aggression and the focus on the most vulnerable parties necessitate a proactive response of the object state based on a thorough assessment of the potential impact of hybrid confrontation on the development of the national economy. The aim of the article isto substantiate the criteria for the intensity of the impact of hybrid threats on the national economy in order to further assess the risks of threats to the state-object of hybrid aggression. Materials and methods. Methods of analysis and synthesis are used to determine the relationship of basic concepts of risk in the context of the study of socio-economic processes; method of mathematical modeling – to formalize the criterion of the intensity of the destructive impact of hybrid threats on the national economy; method of graphical modeling – to visualize the dynamics of escalation of the destructive effects of hybrid threats. The research was performed on the basisof scientific publications, materials of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine and European analytical services. Results. It is substantiated that the transformation of modern interstate conflicts takes place in the direction of their acquisition of signs of hybridization, provided that it is understood as a process of using various means of pressure, mostly of a non-military nature. It is proved that the high destructive potential of hybrid threats requires the definition of criteria for the intensity of their impact on the national economy in order to further assess the risks of threats to the state-object of hybrid aggression. The author's interpretation of the relationship between the basic concepts of risk in the context of the study of socio-economic processes, which are arranged by the level of escalation in the following order: potential danger, potential threat, real threat, risk situation, real danger. Based on the definition of the specifics of hybrid threats, their key characteristics are systematized and the destructive impact on the national economy is structured. It is substantiated that the generalizing characteristics of the destructive impact of hybrid threats on the national economy should be recognized as the level of its intensity, which is determined by the probability of the threat realization and potential losses. It is proved that the escalation of hybrid threats to economically weak and vulnerable states to the level of real danger is almost inevitable if their interests conflict with the ambitions of leading geopolitical actors. Conclusion. Interval assessment of the criteria for the intensity of hybrid threats allows structuring their destructive impact on the national economy from the minimum (potential danger) to the maximum (real danger) level of escalation. The structuring of the destructive impact of hybrid threats creates a basis for assessing the risks of threats to the state-object of hybrid aggression depending on the level of their intensity and overcoming the negative consequences for the economy of the state-object of hybrid aggression.

scholarly journals - The factors affecting the evaluation and selection of hotels - An analytical study of a field a sample of tourists visiting the State of Djelfa - Algeria: العوامل التي تؤثر في تقييم واختيار الفنادق - دراسة ميدانية تحليلية لعينة من السياح الذين يقصدون ولاية الجلفة- الجزائر-

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiba Ali Toual, Siham Salem Mahamdi
Keyword(s):  
Interior Design ◽  
The State ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Social ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

This research aims to study the impact of a range of factors on the evaluation and selection of hotels, for that we’ve conducted a study based on the descriptive analytical approach, where 100 questionnaires were distributed to a random sample of tourists visiting the state of Djelfa- Algeria. The study found that the evaluation and selection of the hotel within the sample members is influenced by the range of factors covered by the study (the purpose of the visit, the definition of value by the visitor, the social and economic factors, age and gender, race or religion). Depending on the correlation coefficient value (R 0.885), the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable was strong, and the independent variable explains 77.2%of the dependent variable. Finally, the study has presented a set of recommendations, which conclude in:- Renovation and development of the interior design of hotels;- Annual training programs including the hotel staff and this is to learn about new trends in the hotel’s industry.

PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN KERUGIAN NEGARA DALAM PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN DAERAH

EDUKASI ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendra Karianga
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Regional Finance ◽  
Regional Budget ◽  
State Finance ◽  
Budget Policy ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Sources of revenue and expenditure of APBD (regional budget) can be allocated to finance the compulsory affairs and optional affairs in the form of programs and activities related to the improvement of public services, job creation, poverty alleviation, improvement of environmental quality, and regional economic growth. The implications of these policies is the need for funds to finance the implementation of the functions, that have become regional authority, is also increasing. In practice, regional financial management still poses a complicated issue because the regional head are reluctant to release pro-people regional budget policy, even implication of regional autonomy is likely to give birth to little kings in region causing losses to state finance and most end up in legal proceedings. This paper discusses the loss of state finance and forms of liability for losses to the state finance. The result of the study can be concluded firstly,  there are still many differences in giving meaning and definition of the loss of state finace and no standard definition of state losses, can cause difficulties. The difficulty there is in an effort to determine the amount of the state finance losses. The calculation of state/regions losses that occur today is simply assessing the suitability of the size of the budget and expenditure without considering profits earned by the community and the impact of the use of budget to the community. Secondly, the liability for losses to the state finance is the fulfillment of the consequences for a person to give or to do something in the regional financial management by giving birth to three forms of liability, namely the Criminal liability, Civil liability, and Administrative liability.Keywords: state finance losses, liability, regional finance.

Jainism in Danger? Temple entry and the rhetoric of religion and reform in post-colonial India

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
MANISHA SETHI
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Debates ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Open The Doors ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract A bitter debate broke out in the Digambar Jain community in the middle of the twentieth century following the passage of the Bombay Harijan Temple Entry Act in 1947, which continued until well after the promulgation of the Untouchability (Offences) Act 1955. These laws included Jains in the definition of ‘Hindu’, and thus threw open the doors of Jain temples to formerly Untouchable castes. In the eyes of its Jain opponents, this was a frontal and terrible assault on the integrity and sanctity of the Jain dharma. Those who called themselves reformists, on the other hand, insisted on the closeness between Jainism and Hinduism. Temple entry laws and the public debates over caste became occasions for the Jains not only to examine their distance—or closeness—to Hinduism, but also the relationship between their community and the state, which came to be imagined as predominantly Hindu. This article, by focusing on the Jains and this forgotten episode, hopes to illuminate the civilizational categories underlying state practices and the fraught relationship between nationalism and minorities.

ISSUES OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STATE BUDGET AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN UZBEKISTAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 4-19
Author(s):  
Akmal Baltayevich Allakuliev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
The State ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Macroeconomic Shocks ◽  
Dynamic Correlations ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The article examines the interaction of the country's GDP with the state budget in the short and long term, the impact of the macro-fiscal mechanism on the country's economic growth on the example of Uzbekistan.The aim of the study is to identify dynamic correlations between the country's state budget expenditures and the economic growth of the macro-fiscal mechanism in the short and long term, as well as to analyze the approximation or rate of return of GDP and the state budget to equilibrium during various macroeconomic shocks. and hesitation.The scientific novelties of the research are:

scholarly journals The European Convention on Human Rights Act 2003 – Ten Years On

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-96
Author(s):  
Ronagh JA McQuigg
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
The State ◽  
European Convention ◽  
General Level ◽  
Human Rights Act ◽  
Human Rights Act 1998 ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The European Convention on Human Rights Act 2003 has now been in force in Ireland for ten years. This article analyses the Act itself and the impact which it has had on the Irish courts during the first decade of its operation. The use of the European Convention on Human Rights in the Irish courts prior to the enactment of the legislation is discussed, as are the reasons for the passing of the Act. The relationship between the Act and the Irish Constitution is examined, as is the jurisprudence of the Irish courts towards the interpretative obligation found in section 2(1), and the duty placed upon organs of the State by section 3(1). The article ends with a number of observations regarding the impact which the Act has had on the Irish courts at a more general level. Comparisons will be drawn with the uk’s Human Rights Act 1998 throughout the discussion.

scholarly journals Methods of Ukrainian labor migrants reintegration in the context of state migration policy

2019 ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
Liubomyr ROMAN
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. The reintegration of migrant workers is the renewal and accelerated development of ties between the individual and the society, the economic and cultural systems, the restoration of the impact of the individual on socio-economic, socio-cultural and political processes and phenomena, increasing participation in the processes of sustainable development on the basis of introducing elements of economic culture countries of pre-migration. The methodological bases for improving the mechanisms of reintegration of labor migrants should be assessed on the basis of available political and legal support. The problem of labor migration has now taken on a national scale, which brings it out of the limits of the influence of any organization, cluster or individual state authority. The formulation of a strategy for regulating labor migration should be made on the basis of the status of this problem as a national one, therefore, requiring macroeconomic regulation, which will be supported by a strong institutional and regulatory framework. The purpose of the paper is to substantiate the method of reintegration of Ukrainian labor migrants in the context of state migration policy. Results. Theoretical aspects of reintegration of labor migrants are covered. The content analysis of the legal acts of the President of Ukraine is carried out. A number of significant legal acts that have or can have a significant impact on state migration policy are characterized. The peculiarities of the functioning of the central executive body, which implements the state policy in the sphere of migration, and the recent changes in determining the range of subjects of formation and implementation of the state policy in the sphere of labor migration are analyzed. The importance of regulating the issue of investments earned during the emigration of funds into the national economy is substantiated. Conclusion. According to the conducted research, the method of reintegration of Ukrainian labor migrants in the context of the state migration policy is formed under the influence of debates about the factors, directions and forms of support of the respective processes by the state authorities. We believe that the main disadvantage of reintegration institutional support is the lack of a unified approach to the role and importance of repatriates for the sustainable development of the national economy. In our opinion, this approach should be consolidated in the form of the Law of Ukraine with a clear definition of the subjects of assistance to repatriation and reintegration of labor migrants, as well as to strengthen with additional measures of informational, organizational character, tax privileges for investing the money earned abroad for search, development of employers of skilled migrant workers returning to Ukraine.

scholarly journals Income Tax: Genesis of Definition and Object of Accounting

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
G. BASHYROVA
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Income tax in many countries is one of the main sources of filling the public budget and levers of influence on the development of economic processes at the macro level. The income tax ensures the balance of economic interests of the state, legal entities and individuals and the avoidance of excessive tax pressure. The impact of European integration processes on the Ukrainian accounting system increases the relevance of the development of the organization and methods of accounting for income tax. The purpose of the article is to establish the main phases of the evolution of the concept of “income tax”, clarify its economic content and identify the characteristics as an object of accounting. The article examines the historical phases of the income tax evolution, taking into account amendments in the tax law in Ukraine. A review of interpretations of the concept of “income tax” by foreign and domestic scholars was made, to establish the three main approaches to its interpretation: as a direct tax paid by a business entity from the received profit; as an item of the company financial statement, informing concerned parties on the amount of the assessed and paid tax; as a company’s payment to the state for utilization of economic infrastructure and resources. The author’s definition of the concept of “income tax” is proposed, which contributes to the clarification of the accounting terminology. It is argued that income tax should be considered through the prism of the tax law and accounting standards. A comparison of treatment to income tax as an accounting object in the National Accounting Standard 17 “Tax Income” and International Accounting Standards 12 “Income Taxes” is made. Based on a study of the legal framework for the accounting of income tax, its main components are identified as an object of accounting.

Forms of prevention of illegal migration by the State Border Service of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
pp. 79-87
Author(s):  
A. Mota
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Research Work ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Illegal Migration ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Operational Service

Purpose. The purpose of the work is to analyze the theoretical and regulatory provisions relating to the definition of forms of preventive action to combat illegal migration and used in the protection of the state border. Methodology. The method covers the application of general theoretical and special methods of scientific knowledge aimed at processing the conclusions of the study. The dialectical method, system analysis, classification and grouping methods, as well as the sociological method are used in the work. Results. The use of the most appropriate and lawful preventive measures is associated with the definition of a scientifically sound system of crime prevention, detailed structural characteristics of which in the activities of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine to combat illegal migration are covered by two main blocks: procedural and operational. The procedural block concentrates such forms as operative-search activity, proceedings in cases of administrative offenses, proceedings on the application of forced return, forced expulsion and readmission of foreigners or stateless persons. The operational-service block covers the following forms: border service, border control, operational-search and information-analytical activity, engineering-technical control, complex preventive measures (operations). Scientific novelty. According to the results of the research, the system of forms of crime prevention in the activity of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine on counteraction to illegal migration is substantiated, which envisages procedural and operational-service blocks. Forms of the procedural block of prevention of illegal migration are characterized by the impact on the offense, which has a preventive value, as well as the focus on the restoration of the disturbed state. Operational and official forms of prevention of illegal migration are designed to prevent offenses, as well as their detection to ensure an appropriate procedural response. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used in research work for further study of general and special issues of improving the fight against illegal migration, in the field of lawmaking - to improve the current administrative and migration legislation of Ukraine, in the educational process during the organization of educational activities and teaching administrative law. cycle, in law enforcement - to increase the efficiency of bodies and units of state border protection.

Poverty issues, including the working poverty in Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 2294-2312
Author(s):  
Tat'yana A. ZHURAVLEVA ◽  
Anastasiya E. ZUBANOVA ◽  
Yuliya S. SOROKVASHINA
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
The State ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Subsistence Minimum ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Working Poverty ◽  
The Impact

Subject. The poverty of the population with all features and factors of its manifestation causes deep structural problems that affect the development of the national economy. Objectives. The aim of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the poverty of the population category, using statistical data, identification of causes of the gap in the level of salaries of Russian and foreign specialists, determination of factors that have the greatest impact on the development of working poverty in Russia. Methods. The study draws on methods of logical and statistical analysis. Results. We considered approaches to the definition of poverty in Russia and other countries, analyzed absolute and relative poverty in Russia, the impact of subsistence minimum on the definition of poverty, assessed nominal and real incomes of the population. The ratio of the average per capita income of the population and the subsistence minimum decreased over the past decade, however, the poverty was not overcome during this period. The per capita income in Russia turned out to be low, real incomes continue to decline. Due to the ongoing coronavirus pandemic, a decline in wages can be traced, both in space and in time. Conclusions. Worsening the poverty situation in the country creates a chain of problems related to the distrust of the State policy in the social and labor spheres, expanded production slowdown, an increase in social tension in the society. A reduction of working poverty should be a priority task for the State.

Legal awareness of citizens and legal information burnout issue

2021 ◽  
pp. 616-626
Author(s):  
Tamara Y. Gertsog
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Information Overload ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Professional Burnout ◽  
Potential Danger ◽  
Legal Information ◽  
Functional Literacy ◽  
Awareness Information ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

We analyze the concept of legal awareness of citizens, its structure, significance for a particular individual and for society as a whole, ways to increase the level of legal awareness of the population, as well as the con-sequences due to an increase in the level of legal awareness. We cover the is-sue of excess information in the legal sphere, its causes and consequences. We consider the essence of legal information burnout, its signs, potential danger and impact, identified preventive measures and methods to combat this phenomenon. We comprehend the impact of excessive legal information on professional deformation and professional burnout of lawyers, we have determined the functional significance of excessive legal information to citi-zens to maintain the proper level of their legal functional literacy. The pur-pose of the study is to determine the relationship between the increased vol-ume of legal awareness, information overload, legal information burnout and, as a consequence, the professional deformation of lawyers. We make an attempt to declare the existence of the phenomenon, which is conventionally called by the author legal information burnout. The study will be of interest to specialists in the field of jurisprudence, psychology, information technology, and may also be useful for other specialists and all those who are interested in the issues of this issue.

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