Long-Known Music Exposure Effects on Brain Imaging and Cognition in Early-Stage Cognitive Decline: A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Corinne E. Fischer ◽  
Nathan Churchill ◽  
Melissa Leggieri ◽  
Veronica Vuong ◽  
Michael Tau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Longitudinal Changes ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Clear Objective

Background: Repeated exposure to long-known music has been shown to have a beneficial effect on cognitive performance in patients with AD. However, the brain mechanisms underlying improvement in cognitive performance are not yet clear. Objective: In this pilot study we propose to examine the effect of repeated long-known music exposure on imaging indices and corresponding changes in cognitive function in patients with early-stage cognitive decline. Methods: Participants with early-stage cognitive decline were assigned to three weeks of daily long-known music listening, lasting one hour in duration. A cognitive battery was administered, and brain activity was measured before and after intervention. Paired-measures tests evaluated the longitudinal changes in brain structure, function, and cognition associated with the intervention. Results: Fourteen participants completed the music-based intervention, including 6 musicians and 8 non-musicians. Post-baseline there was a reduction in brain activity in key nodes of a music-related network, including the bilateral basal ganglia and right inferior frontal gyrus, and declines in fronto-temporal functional connectivity and radial diffusivity of dorsal white matter. Musician status also significantly modified longitudinal changes in functional and structural brain measures. There was also a significant improvement in the memory subdomain of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Conclusion: These preliminary results suggest that neuroplastic mechanisms may mediate improvements in cognitive functioning associated with exposure to long-known music listening and that these mechanisms may be different in musicians compared to non-musicians.

THE POSSIBILITY OF LINKING SPONTANEOUS AND INDUCED NEUROCOGNITIVE PLASTICITY: CAN COGNITIVE TRAINING INFLUENCE COMPENSATORY BRAIN ACTIVITY IN OLDER ADULTS? THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL PREMISES

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-523
Author(s):  
Ludmiła Zając-Lamparska
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Training ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Successful Aging ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Theory Of Aging

One of the most important determinants of successful aging is cognitive ability. Although cognitive decline is a well-documented phenomenon characteristic of aging, it is acknowledged that aging can also be related to cognitive neuroplasticity that allows one to compensate the decline and adapt to it. Cognitive neuroplasticity may be spontaneous or induced by external influences. An example of the former is compensatory brain activity in older adults, and the latter – improvement in cognitive functioning under the influence of cognitive training. Both the compensatory brain activity of older adults and the effectiveness of cognitive training in this age group have already been extensively studied. However, it has not yet been examined whether they can be linked. The article indicates theoretical and empirical premises for the possibility of influencing compensatory brain activity in older adults by cognitive training. In the most comprehensive way the phenomenon of compensatory brain activity in older adults is addressed by the STAC model – the Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition, which also provides the theoretical grounds for the possible impact of cognitive training on compensatory brain activity. There are also empirical arguments in favour of such an impact, but they are quite limited in nature. The reason for this is the lack of research directly addressing the problem of the consistency of brain activity changes resulting from cognitive training with the assumptions of compensatory brain activity models, such as STAC. The theoretical grounds for the linkage of compensatory brain activity in older adults with the influence of cognitive training are clear. However, the analysis of the studies discussed in the article suggests that failing to embed the study design within the theoretical framework of compensatory brain activity in older adults may lead to the exclusion of factors important in drawing conclusions about this phenomenon. The following elements of the study design were identified as necessary to include: participation of young adults in the study as a reference group, usage of tasks in different difficulty levels during the measurement of brain activity and consideration of the relation between brain activity and cognitive performance, and comparison of brain activity in relation to cognitive performance before and after training in both, older and young adults.

Longitudinal Changes in Patient-Ventilator Asynchronies and Respiratory System Mechanics Before and After Tracheostomy. A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
pp. respcare.08824
Author(s):  
Enrico Lena ◽  
José Aquino-Esperanza ◽  
Josefina López-Aguilar ◽  
Rudys Magrans ◽  
Candelaria de Haro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Longitudinal Changes ◽  
Respiratory System Mechanics ◽  
Before And After

scholarly journals Effect of revascularization on cognitive outcomes in intracranial steno-occlusive disease: a systematic review

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. E14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley Kolb ◽  
Hassan Fadel ◽  
Gary Rajah ◽  
Hamidreza Saber ◽  
Ali Luqman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
English Language ◽  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Occlusive Disease ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Thomson Reuters ◽  
Before And After

OBJECTIVESteno-occlusive diseases of the cerebral vasculature have been associated with cognitive decline. The authors performed a systematic review of the existing literature on intracranial steno-occlusive disease, including intracranial atherosclerosis and moyamoya disease (MMD), to determine the extent and quality of evidence for the effect of revascularization on cognitive performance.METHODSA systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE, the Thomson Reuters Web of Science Core Collection, and the KCI Korean Journal Database was performed to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the English-language literature and observational studies that compared cognitive outcomes before and after revascularization in patients with steno-occlusive disease of the intracranial vasculature, from which data were extracted and analyzed.RESULTSNine papers were included, consisting of 2 RCTs and 7 observational cohort studies. Results from 2 randomized trials including 142 patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic steno-occlusion found no additional benefit to revascularization when added to maximal medical therapy. The certainty in the results of these trials was limited by concerns for bias and indirectness. Results from 7 observational trials including 282 patients found some cognitive benefit for revascularization for symptomatic atherosclerotic steno-occlusion and for steno-occlusion related to MMD in children. The certainty of these conclusions was low to very low, due to both inherent limitations in observational studies for inferring causality and concerns for added risk of bias and indirectness in some studies.CONCLUSIONSThe effects of revascularization on cognitive performance in intracranial steno-occlusive disease remain uncertain due to limitations in existing studies. More well-designed randomized trials and observational studies are needed to determine if revascularization can arrest or reverse cognitive decline in these patients.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Changes in Clock Drawing Test (CDT) Performance before and after Cognitive Decline

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. e97873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Wang ◽  
Langfeng Shi ◽  
Qianhua Zhao ◽  
Zhen Hong ◽  
Qihao Guo
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Longitudinal Changes ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Before And After

scholarly journals Cognitive performance before and after the onset of subjective cognitive decline in old age

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Koppara ◽  
Michael Wagner ◽  
Carolin Lange ◽  
Annette Ernst ◽  
Birgitt Wiese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Subjective Cognitive Decline ◽  
Before And After

Cognitive Performance Trajectories Before and After Sleep Treatment Initiation in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: Results from the Health and Retirement Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher N Kaufmann ◽  
Mark W Bondi ◽  
Wesley K Thompson ◽  
Adam P Spira ◽  
Sonia Ancoli-Israel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Sleep Disturbance ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Treatment Initiation ◽  
Health And Retirement Study ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sleep Treatment ◽  
Retirement Study

Abstract BACKGROUND Sleep disturbances are associated with risk of cognitive decline but it is not clear if treating disturbed sleep mitigates decline. We examined differences in cognitive trajectories before and after sleep treatment initiation. METHODS Data came from the 2006-2014 Health and Retirement Study. At each of five waves, participants were administered cognitive assessments and scores were summed. Participants also reported if, in prior two weeks, they had taken medications or used other treatments to improve sleep. Our sample (N=3,957) included individuals who at HRS 2006 were >50 years, had no cognitive impairment, reported no sleep treatment, and indicated experiencing sleep disturbance. We identified differences between those receiving vs. not receiving treatment in subsequent waves, and among those treated (N=1,247), compared cognitive trajectories before and after treatment. RESULTS At baseline, those reporting sleep treatment at subsequent waves were more likely to be younger, female, Caucasian, to have more health conditions, to have higher BMI, and more depressive symptoms (all p’s≤0.015). Decline in cognitive performance was mitigated in periods after sleep treatment vs. periods before (B=-0.20, 95% CI=-0.25, -0.15, p<0.001; vs., B=-0.26, 95% CI=-0.32, -0.20, p<0.001), and this same trend was seen for self-initiated and doctor-recommended treatments. Trends were driven by those with higher baseline cognitive performance—those with lower performance saw cognitive declines following sleep treatment. CONCLUSIONS In middle-aged and older adults with sleep disturbance, starting sleep treatment may slow cognitive decline. Future research should assess types, combinations, and timing of treatments most effective in improving cognitive health in later life.

scholarly journals Defining a Radiomic Response Phenotype: A Pilot Study using targeted therapy in NSCLC

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo J. W. L. Aerts ◽  
Patrick Grossmann ◽  
Yongqiang Tan ◽  
Geoffrey R. Oxnard ◽  
Naiyer Rizvi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Kinase Inhibitors ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Response Assessment ◽  
Significant Feature ◽  
High Resolution Computed Tomography ◽  
Mutation Status ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Technical Validation ◽  
Response Phenotype

Abstract Medical imaging plays a fundamental role in oncology and drug development, by providing a non-invasive method to visualize tumor phenotype. Radiomics can quantify this phenotype comprehensively by applying image-characterization algorithms, and may provide important information beyond tumor size or burden. In this study, we investigated if radiomics can identify a gefitinib response-phenotype, studying high-resolution computed-tomography (CT) imaging of forty-seven patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer before and after three weeks of therapy. On the baseline-scan, radiomic-feature Laws-Energy was significantly predictive for EGFR-mutation status (AUC = 0.67, p = 0.03), while volume (AUC = 0.59, p = 0.27) and diameter (AUC = 0.56, p = 0.46) were not. Although no features were predictive on the post-treatment scan (p > 0.08), the change in features between the two scans was strongly predictive (significant feature AUC-range = 0.74–0.91). A technical validation revealed that the associated features were also highly stable for test-retest (mean ± std: ICC = 0.96 ± 0.06). This pilot study shows that radiomic data before treatment is able to predict mutation status and associated gefitinib response non-invasively, demonstrating the potential of radiomics-based phenotyping to improve the stratification and response assessment between tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) sensitive and resistant patient populations.

scholarly journals Atypical Antipsychotics Mediate Dynamics of Intrinsic Brain Activity in Early-Stage Schizophrenia? A Preliminary Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 1205-1212
Author(s):  
Yingchan Wang ◽  
Yuchao Jiang ◽  
Dengtang Liu ◽  
Jianye Zhang ◽  
Dezhong Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Atypical Antipsychotics ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Antipsychotic Treatment ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Middle Occipital Gyrus ◽  
The Right ◽  
Intrinsic Brain Activity

Objective Abnormalities of static brain activity have been reported in schizophrenia, but it remains to be clarified the temporal variability of intrinsic brain activities in schizophrenia and how atypical antipsychotics affect it.Methods We employed a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and a sliding-window analysis of dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (dALFF) to evaluate the dynamic brain activities in schizophrenia (SZ) patients before and after 8-week antipsychotic treatment. Twenty-six schizophrenia individuals and 26 matched healthy controls (HC) were included in this study.Results Compared with HC, SZ showed stronger dALFF in the right inferior temporal gyrus (ITG.R) at baseline. After medication, the SZ group exhibited reduced dALFF in the right middle occipital gyrus (MOG.R) and increased dALFF in the left superior frontal gyrus (SFG.L), right middle frontal gyrus (MFG.R), and right inferior parietal lobule (IPL.R). Dynamic ALFF in IPL.R was found to significant negative correlate with the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) scores at baseline.Conclusion Our results showed dynamic intrinsic brain activities altered in schizophrenia after short term antipsychotic treatment. The findings of this study support and expand the application of dALFF method in the study of the pathological mechanism in psychosis in the future.

scholarly journals COGNITIVE TRAJECTORIES BEFORE AND AFTER SLEEP TREATMENT INITIATION IN U.S. OLDER ADULTS WITH SLEEP DISTURBANCE

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S403-S404
Author(s):  
Christopher N Kaufmann ◽  
Mark W Bondi ◽  
James D Murphy ◽  
Xin Tu ◽  
Alison A Moore
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Sleep Disturbance ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Treatment Initiation ◽  
Cognitive Assessments ◽  
Cognitively Normal ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sleep Treatment

Abstract Sleep disturbances are associated with cognitive decline but it is not clear if initiation of sleep treatments mitigates decline. We used the 2006-2014 Health and Retirement Study. At each wave, participants were administered cognitive assessments and scores were summed (values=0-35; higher=better cognition). All participants also reported if, in the past two weeks, they had taken medications or used other treatments to improve sleep. Our sample (N=4,650) included individuals who at baseline were cognitively normal and untreated for sleep, and at any wave reported some sleep disturbance. We characterized cognitive performance over study period with comparisons before and after sleep treatment initiation. Between 2006-2014, participants exhibited declines in cognitive performance (B=-2.40; 95% CI=-2.73, -2.06; p<0.001) after controlling for confounders. Following sleep treatment, cognitive decline became less pronounced (interaction B=0.94; 95% CI=0.21, 1.67; p=0.013). Results suggest that in older adults with sleep disturbance, initiation of sleep treatment may slow cognitive decline.

scholarly journals Resting heart rate variability as a possible marker of cognitive decline

Kinesiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-84
Author(s):  
Bernhard Grässler ◽  
Anita Hökelmann ◽  
Richard Halti Cabral
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cognitive Test

Cognition is a major subject to be addressed nowadays due to the increasing number of cognitively affected people in most societies. Because of a lack of pharmaceutical therapies treating cognitive decline, its indicators should be diagnosed before it becomes prevalent. Scientific evidence indicates a relationship between cognition and the nervous system, especially its autonomic part. Heart rate variability (HRV) as an indicator of the autonomic nervous system functioning has been studied as a biological marker for the evaluation of cognitive performance. Therefore, HRV is a possible indicator of cognitive impairment. The aim was to provide a systematic literature review about the association between resting HRV and the cognitive performance. Five cognitive functions were analysed separately: executive functions, memory and learning, language abilities, visuospatial functioning, and processing speed. Furthermore, the global cognitive function evaluated with cognitive test batteries was considered too. An electronic database search was conducted with five databases. Three search fields comprised HRV, cognitive performance, and adult subjects. The final dataset consisted of 27 articles. Significant correlations in each cognitive function were found, except for processing speed, suggesting a positive association between resting HRV and cognitive performance. Mechanisms underlying this association between cardiovascular health and cognition are discussed. For the future, HRV could be used in diagnostics as an indicator of cognitive impairment before symptoms of dementia get apparent. With a timely diagnosis, preventative tools could be initiated at an early stage of dementia.

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